Muhammad salah nafee biography definition


Salafi movement

Conservative revival movement within Sect Islam

Not to be confused get used to Salaf.

The Salafi movement or Salafism (Arabic: السلفية, romanized: al-Salafiyya) is adroit revival movement within Sunni Islam,[1][2][3][4] founded in the late Nineteenth century and influential in illustriousness Islamic world to this day.[5][6][7] The name "Salafiyya" is a-one self-designation,[8] to call for uncluttered return to the traditions exert a pull on the "pious predecessors" (salaf), character first three generations of Muslims (the Islamic prophetMuhammad and authority Sahabah [his companions], then position Tabi'in, and the third procreation, the Tabi' al-Tabi'in), who conniving believed to exemplify the karat form of Islam.[9] In rule, Salafis claim that they be sure of on the Qur'an, the Sunnah and the Ijma (consensus) observe the salaf, giving these brochures precedence over what they stand up for as "later religious interpretations".[10][11] Significance Salafi movement aimed to attain a renewal of Muslim convinced and had a major emphasis on many Muslim thinkers come first movements across the Islamic world.[12][13]

Salafi Muslims oppose bid'a (religious innovation) and support the implementation signal your intention sharia (Islamic law).[14] In sheltered approach to politics, the Salafi movement is sometimes divided saturate Western academics and journalists befall three categories: the largest number being the purists (or quietists), who avoid politics; the beyond largest group being the activists, who maintain regular involvement condensation politics; and the third assemblage being the jihadists, who camouflage a minority and advocate scenery struggle to restore early Islamic practice.[14] In legal matters, Salafis usually advocate ijtihad (independent reasoning) and oppose taqlid (blind faith) to the four or cardinal schools (madhahib) of Islamic corpus juris while some remain largely noise to them, but do war cry restrict themselves to the "final" edicts of any specific madhhab.

The origins of Salafism put in order disputed, with some historians 1 Louis Massignon tracing its rise to the intellectual movement hillock the second half of justness nineteenth century that opposed Assimilation emanating from European imperialism (led by Al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, roost Rashid Rida).[15][16] However, Afghani remarkable Abduh had not self-described translation "Salafi" and the usage good buy the term to denote them has become outdated today.[17] Abduh's more orthodox student Rashid Rida followed hardline Salafism which loath Sufism, Shi'ism and incorporated vocal madh'hab system.

Rida eventually became a champion of the Moslem movement and would influence preference strand of conservative Salafis.[18][19][20] Welcome the modern academia, Salafism not bad commonly used to refer designate a cluster of contemporary Sect renewal and reform movements dazzling by the teachings of elegant theologians—in particular Ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328 CE/661–728 AH).[21][22][23] These Salafis unseat the 19th century reformers despite the fact that rationalists who failed to read scripture in the most verbal, traditional sense.[24]

Conservative Salafis regard Syrianscholars like Rashid Rida (d.

1935 CE/ 1354 AH) and Muhibb al-Khatib (d. 1969 CE/ 1389 AH) as revivalists of Salafi thought in the Arab world.[25] Rida's religious orientation was series by his association with Asiatic Hanbali and Salafi scholars who preserved the tradition of Ibn Taymiyya.

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These ideas would be popularised by Rida forward his disciples, immensely influencing abundant Salafi organisations in the Arabian world.[24] Some of the superior Salafi reform movements in birth Islamic world today include say publicly Ahl-i Hadith movement, inspired strong the teachings of Shah Waliullah Dehlawi and galvanized through honesty South Asianjihad of Sayyid Ahmad Shahid;[26][27] the Wahhabi movement execute Arabia; the Padri movement many Indonesia; Algerian Salafism spearheaded timorous Abdelhamid Ben Badis; and others.[28]

Etymology

The term Salafi as a smart noun and adjective had antediluvian used during the classical times to refer to the doctrinal school of the early Ahl al-Hadith movement.[29] The treatises heed the medieval proto-Salafist theologian Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyya (d.

1328 C.E/ 728 A.H), which swayed the most significant role detainee formalizing the creedal, social nearby political positions of Ahl al-Hadith; constitute the most widely referred classical works in Salafi seminaries.[30]

It is only in modern multiplication that the label Salafi has been applied to a significant movement and theological creed.

Both modernists as well as traditionalists could apply the term. Both movements might have opposite approaches but advocate a belief desert Islam has been altered predominant is in need of trig return to a previous cloak of Islam allegedly practised alongside the Salafiyya. [31]

Tenets

According to Physiologist Haykel, "temporal proximity to decency Prophet Muhammad is associated smash into the truest form of Islam" among many Sunni Muslims.[32] Salafis are first and foremost spiritualminded and social reformers engaged tag on creating and reproducing particular forms of authority and identity, both personal and communal.

They enumerate [their] reformist project first near foremost through creedal tenets (i.e., a theology). Also important stop in midsentence its manhaj (Arabic: منهج i.e. Methodology) are certain legal outlook as well as forms compensation sociability and politics.[33]

The Salafi da'wa is a methodology, but feed is not a madhhab (school) in fiqh (jurisprudence) as anticipation commonly misunderstood.

Salafis oppose taqlid to the Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali, Hanafi or Zahirite law schools of Sunni fiqh. The multitude of Salafi school identify mortal physically as Ahlul Sunna wal Jama'ah and are also known little Ahl al-Hadith.[34] The Salafiyya look champions this early Sunni academy of thought, also known pass for traditionalist theology.[35]

Salafis place great eagerness on practicing actions in gift with the known sunnah, band only in prayer but reach every activity in daily sure.

For instance, many are watchful always to use three fingers when eating, to drink bottled water in three pauses, and knowledge hold it with the decent hand while sitting.[36] The advertise doctrines of Ibn Taymiyya's grammar, also referred by various academics as "al-Salafiyyah al-Tarikhiyah" (trans: "Historical Salafism") consist of:[37]

  • revival of "the authentic beliefs and practices" concede Salaf al-Salih
  • "upholding tawhid (oneness flaxen God)"
  • rejection of partisanship towards madh'habs
  • literalist adherence to religious scriptures
  • loyalty regain consciousness Islamic rulers who ruled stop Sharia (Islamic law)
  • objection to bid'ah and heresies

Views on Taqlid (adherence to legal precedent)

See also: Taqlid

The Salafi thought seeks the re-orientation of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence) abject from Taqlid (adherence to class legal precedent of a singular Madhhab) and directly back quick the Prophet, his Companions spell the Salaf.

This preferred reimburse to the pure way show consideration for the Prophet is termed "Ittiba" (following the Prophet by there and then referring to the Scriptures).[38] Foresee legal approach, Salafis are bicameral between those who, in grandeur name of independent legal breakdown (ijtihad), reject strict adherence (taqlid) to the four schools be a witness law (madhahib) and others who remain faithful to these.[39][40][41]

Although Muhammad Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (d.

1792 C.E/ 1206 A.H) had alone rejected the practice of Taqlid, Wahhabi scholars favoured following say publicly Hanbalimadhhab and generally permit Taqlid in following Fatwas (juristic permissible opinions) and encourages following depiction madhhabs.[42] While they doctrinally seized Taqlid and advocated Ijtihad, historically the Wahhabi legal practice was grounded mostly within the field of reference of Hanbali school, until freshly.

The doctrinal rejection of Taqlid by Wahhabis would lead entertain subsequent emergence of prominent Muhammadan ulema such as Sa'd ibn 'Atiq, Abd al-Rahman al-Sa'dii, Ibn 'Uthaymin, Ibn Baz, etc.; who would depart significantly from Hanbali law.[39][43][44][45][46]

Other Salafi movements, however, depend on that taqlid is unlawful current challenge the authority of leadership legal schools.

In their position, since the madhhabs emerged rearguard the era of Salaf al-Salih (pious predecessors); those Muslims who follow a madhhab without evasively searching for Scriptural evidences would get deviated.[47][48] These include primacy scholars of Ahl-i Hadith desire, Muhammad Nasir Al-Din al-Albani (d.

1999), Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindhī (d. 1750), Ibn 'Amir al-Ṣanʿānī (d. 1182), al-Shawkānī (d. 1834), etc.; who completely condemn taqlid (imitation), rejecting the authority of magnanimity legal schools, and oblige Muslims to seek religious rulings (fatwa) issued by scholars exclusively home-made on the Qur'an and Hadith; with no intermediary involved.[49][50][44] Distinction Ahl-i Hadithulema would distinguish person from the Wahhabis who followed the Hanbali school while they considered themselves as following thumb particular school.[51] In contemporary origin, al-Albani and his disciples, difficulty particular, would directly criticise Wahhabis on the issue of Taqlid due to their affinity pamper the Hanbali school and named for a re-generated Wahhabism unsullied of elements contrary to doctrines of the Salaf.[52][53][49]

Other Salafi scholars like Sayyid Rashid Rida (d.

1935) follow a middle trajectory, allowing the layperson to force Taqlid only when necessary, polite him to do Ittiba just as the Scriptural evidences become publish to him. Their legal speak to rejects partisanship to the treatises of any particular schools touch on law, and refer to righteousness books of all madhhabs.

Multitude Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim, these scholars accept the prosperous literary heritage of SunniFiqh boss consider the literature of say publicly four Sunni law-schools as valuable resources to issue rulings connote the contemporary era.[54][44] At rank far end of the series, some Salafis hold that adhesive to taqlid is an put it on of shirk (polytheism).[55]

Contemporary Salafis usually discard the practice of cohesive to the established rulings possess any particular Madhhab, condemning description principle of Taqlid (blind imitation) as a bid'ah (innovation) extra are significantly influenced by high-mindedness legal principles of the Zahirite school, historically associated with anti-madhhab doctrines that opposed the sanctification of legal schools.

Early Zahirite scholar Ibn Hazm's condemnation hold Taqlid and calls to put your feet up free from the interpretive formula of the canonized schools saturate espousing a Fiqh directly stranded on Qura'n and Hadith; accept conferred a major impact setback the Salafiyya movement.[56] Salafi legalism is most often marked toddler its departure from the intimate rulings (mu'tamad) of the span Sunni madhahib, as well whereas frequently aligning with Zahirite views mentioned by Ibn Hazm hub his legal compendium Al-Muhalla.[57][44]

Scholarly hierarchy

Bernard Haykel notes that due regain consciousness the peculiarity of its approach, Salafis enjoy a relatively inept rigid scholarly hierarchy of officialdom (ulema).

Most Salafis unlike irritate traditional and pre-modern Muslims exceed not subscribe to a grading that rigorously "constrains and regulates... the output of opinions". Trade in an interpretive community, Salafi folklore, "in contrast to other Islamic traditions of learning", is "relatively open, even democratic".[58]

Methodology and hermeneutics

Contemporary proponents of the Athari high school of theology largely come chomp through the Salafi movement; they proof the Athari works of Ibn Taymiyya.[59] Ibn Taymiyya himself, far-out disputed and partly rejected pupil during his lifetime, became wonderful major scholar among followers clone the Salafi movement credited involve the title Shaykh al-Islam.

Repeated erior important figures include major scholars important in Islamic history, much as Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[60] Deep-rooted proponents of Kalam revere specifically generations of Salaf al-Salih, showing Muhammad and the Sahaba orang-utan exemplar role models in devout life, they emulate them all over the lens of the paradigm traditions of the madhahib skull its religious clergy.

On interpretation other hand, Salafis attempt flavour follow the Salaf al-Salih go over recorded scriptural evidences, often bypassing the classical manuals of madhahib. Nonetheless, both Salafis and Mutakallimun empasize the significance of significance Salaf in the Sunni tradition.[61]

Salafi Muslims consider Qur'an, Sunnah (which they equate with the Kutub al-Sittah) and The Actions financial support Sayings of The Sahaba chimpanzee the only valid authoritative recipe for Islam.[62] While Salafis conceal that investigation of novel issues should be understood from rendering Scriptures in consideration of integrity context of modern era, they oppose rationalist interpretations of Scripture.

In addition to limiting righteousness usage of logic with good wishes to textual interpretations, Salafi scholars also reduce the importance stated to medieval legal manuals ride texts, giving more priority appointment the texts from the at generations of the Salaf. Salafis favor practical implementation as disparate to disputes with regards be introduced to meanings, meaning may be wise either clear or something above human understanding.[10] As adherents outline Athari theology, Salafis believe cruise engagement in speculative theology (kalam) is absolutely forbidden.[63] Atharis consider in strictly literal and amodal reading of the Qur'an forward hadith (prophetic traditions) and lone their clear or apparent meanings have the sole authority pin down creedal affairs.

As opposed collect one engaged in Ta'wil (metaphorical interpretation), they do not attain to conceptualize the meanings catch the Qur'an rationally; and count on that the real meanings be required to be consigned to God get round (tafwid).[64] Following the Salafi hermeneutic approach, Salafis differ from digress of non-Salafis in some compliments of permissibility.[10]

Ibn Taymiyya was protest for making scholarly refutations game religious groups such as dignity Sufis, Jahmites, Asha'rites, Shias, Falsafa etc., through his numerous treatises.[65] Explaining the theological approach after everything else "Salafiyya", Ibn Taymiyya states swindle a fatwa:

"The way disturb the Salaf is to scan literally the Koranic verses most recent hadiths that relate to prestige Divine attributes [ijra' ayat al-sifat wa ahadith al-sifat 'ala zahiriha], and without attributing to Him anthropomorphic qualities [ma' nafy al-kayfiyya wal tashbih]."

— Taqi al-Din Ibn Taymiyah, Al-Fatawa al-Kubra (Great Religious Edicts), vol.

5, p. 152, [65]

Teachings of Ibn Taymiyya

See also: Ibn Taymiyyah

The followers of the Salafiyya school look to the gothic antediluvian jurist Ibn Taymiyya as greatness most significant classical scholarly supremacy in theology and spirituality.

Ibn Taymiyya's theological treatises form interpretation core doctrinal texts of Muhammedan, Ahl-i Hadith and various pander to Salafi movements. According to ethics monotheistic doctrine of Ibn Taymiyya, Tawhid is categorised into one types: At-tawḥīd ar-rubūbiyya (Oneness advance Lordship), At-tawḥīd al-ulūhiyya (Oneness quandary Worship) and At-tawhid al-assmaa was-sifaat (Oneness in names and attributes).

Ibn Taymiyya's interpretation of rank Shahada (Islamic testimony) as goodness testimony to worship God toute seule "only by means of what He has legislated", without partners, is adopted by the Salafis as the foundation of their faith. In the contemporary epoch, Ibn Taymiyya's writings on discipline and innovated practices have emotional Salafi movements of diverse kinds.[66][67] The increased prominence of these movements in the twentieth hundred has led to a renascence in interest of the handbills of Ibn Taymiyya far above traditional Salafi circles.

Salafis by and large refer to Ibn Taymiyya dampen the title Shaykh al-Islām. Equidistant Ibn Taymiyya, his disciples Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Ibn Kathir, Al-Dhahabi, etc. constitute the most referenced classical scholarship in Salafi circles.[68][69][70][71][72]

The scholarly works of Ibn Taymiyya, which advocate Traditionalist Doctrine positions and intensely critique perturb theological schools, embody the divinity of the Salafiyya school.[73] Ibn Taymiyya also cited a educated consensus (Ijma), on the legality of ascribing ones self tablet the beliefs of the Salaf, stating:

"There is no shame arrangement declaring oneself to be keen follower of the salaf, attachment to it and feeling glad of it; rather that atrophy be accepted from him, according to scholarly consensus.

The madhhab of the salaf cannot pull up anything but true. If first-class person adheres to it psychologically and outwardly, then he evenhanded like the believer who court case following truth inwardly and outwardly."[74][75]

History

Historians and academics date the manifestation of Salafiyya movement to nobility late 19th-century Arab world, wish era when European colonial capabilities were dominant.[76][3][77][78][79][80] Notable leaders round the movement included Jamal al-Din Qasimi (1866–1914), 'Abd al-Razzaq formal Bitar (1837–1917), Tahir al-Jazai'iri (1852–1920)[81] and Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865–1935).[82] Until the First World Enmity, religious missions of the Salafi call in the Arab Get one\'s bearings had operated secretively.

Following influence First World War, the Salafi ideas were spread and authoritative among the intelligentsia.[83] Politically headed scholars like Rashid Rida esoteric also emphasized the necessity skin establish an Islamic state dump implements Sharia (Islamic law) snowball thus laid the intellectual construction for a more conservative chain of Salafiyya, which would further influence the ideologues of prestige Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.[84]

The open area of the term "Salafiyya" allocate denote a theological reform bad humor based on the teachings scrupulous the Salaf al-Salih; was popularised by the Syrian disciples model Tahir al-Jaza'iri who were hidden in Egypt during the 19.

They opened the famous "al-Maktaba al-Salafiyya" ("The Salafi Bookshop") affluent Cairo in 1909. Rashid Rida co-operated with the owners blame the library starting from 1912 and together published classical mill, Hanbali treatises, pro-Wahhabi pamphlets, etc. as well as numerous relationship through their official journal "Al-Majalla al-Salafiyya".

The immense popularity attack the term at the hold your horses caused the CatholicOrientalist scholar Gladiator Massignon to mistakenly associate excellence label with Jamal al-Din Afghan and Muhammad 'Abduh, which became the standard practice for Brown-nose scholars for much of distinction 20th century, at the recession of conceptual veracity.[85]

Salafis believe go off the label "Salafiyya" existed devour the first few generations foothold Islam and that it review not a modern movement.[79] Ruse justify this view, Salafis reckon on a handful of quotes from medieval times where dignity term "Salafi" is used.

Twofold of the quotes used in that evidence and widely posted impression Salafi websites is from dignity genealogical dictionary of al-Sam'ani (d. 1166), who wrote a surgically remove entry about the surname "al-Salafi" (the Salafi): "According to what I heard, this [surname indicates one's] ascription to the heavy ancestors and [one's] adoption shop their doctrine [madhhabihim]."[86][87] In crown biographical dictionary Siyar a`lam al-nubala,Athari theologian Al-Dhahabi described his dominie Ibn Taymiyya as a male who "supported the pure Small items and al-Tariqa al-Salafiyah (Salafiyah expand or methodology)"; referring to wreath non-conformist juristic approach that was based on direct understanding get into Scriptures and his practice hold issuing fatwas that contradicted depiction madhabs.[65]

At least one scholar, Henri Lauzière, casts doubt on al-Sam'ani, claiming he "could only delegate two individuals—a father and monarch son—who were known" as al-Salafi.

"Plus, the entry contains expressionless spaces in lieu of their full names, presumably because al-Sam'ani had forgotten them or frank not know them."[87] In particularly, Lauzière claims "al-Sam'ani's dictionary suggests that the surname was borderline at best, and the solitary quotation taken from Al-Dhahabi, who wrote 200 years later, does little to prove Salafi claims."[88]

Origins

See also: Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Ibn Hazm, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Shah Waliullah, and Shawkani

The Salafi movement emphasizes looking rile to the era of greatness Salaf al-Salih; who were righteousness early three generations of Muslims that succeeded Prophet Muhammad.

They consider the faith and lex scripta \'statute law\' of salaf al-salih as high-principled and exemplary. By seeking money capture values of the Salaf in their own lives, Salafis attempt to recreate a 'golden age', and revive a virgin version of Islam, stripped depart all later accretions, including prestige four schools of law although well as popular Sufism.

Dignity emergence of Salafism coincided barter the rise of Western colonialism across many parts of ethics Islamic world. Between the ordinal and the twentieth centuries, these reformist movements called for copperplate direct return to the Gospels, institutional standardisations and jihad blaspheme colonial powers.[89]

The movement developed cincture various regions of the Islamic World in the late Nineteenth century as an Islamic take against the rising European imperialism.[3][77][78][79][80] The Salafi revivalists were outstanding by the creedal doctrines depart the medieval SyrianHanbali theologian Ibn Taymiyya, who had strongly bedevilled philosophy and various features assault Sufism as heretical.

Ibn Taymiyya's radical reform programme called progress to Muslims to return to grandeur pristine Islam of the Salaf al-Salih (pious ancestors); through keen direct understanding of Scriptures.[90] Very influences of the early Salafiyya movement included various 18th-century Islamic reform movements such as magnanimity Wahhabi movement in the Arab Peninsula,[91]subcontinental reform movements spearheaded newborn Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, Shah Ismail Dehlawi and Sayyid Ahmad Shaheed[92][93] as well as the Yemeniislah movement led by Al-San'aani splendid Al-Shawkani.[94][95]

These movements had advocated position belief that the Qur'an celebrated Sunnah are the primary multiplicity of sharia and the statutory status quo should be scrutinized based on Qur'an and Hadith. Far from being novel, that idea was a traditionist deduction kept alive within the Hanbali school of law.

The Moslem movement, under the leadership tactic Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, vigorously revived Hanbali traditionism in Ordinal century Arabia. Influenced by say publicly Hanbali scholars Ibn Taymiyya (d. 728/1328) and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya (d. 751/1350); the teachings take away Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab were besides closely linked to the assembling of proto-Hanbalism expounded by beforehand Hanbali writers 'Abd Allah ibn Ahmad (d.

290/903), Abu Bakr al-Khallal (d. 311/923) as be successful as non-Hanbali scholars like Ibn Hazm, whom he cited over and over again. Indian Hadith specialist Shah Waliullah Dehlawi, while rejecting Taqlid, besides emphasised on involving the Fuqaha (jurisconsultants) in the study exhaustive hadith, their interpretations and defense.

Thus, he was accommodative significance classical structures of Fiqh. Exertion Yemen, influential scholar Muhammad ibn Ali Al-Shawkani (1759–1834) condemned Taqlid far more fiercely, and her highness movement advocated radical rejection firm classical Fiqh structures. The advance of Ijtihad of these movements was also accompanied by change emphasis on strict adherence look after Qur'an and Hadith.[96][97]

Ottoman Empire

See also: Kadizadeli

Kadızadelis (also Qādīzādali) was ingenious seventeenth-century puritanical reformist religious partiality in the Ottoman Empire delay followed Kadızade Mehmed (1582-1635), practised revivalist Islamic preacher.

Kadızade splendid his followers were determined rivals of Sufism and popular dogma. They condemned many of authority Ottoman practices that Kadızade change were bidʻah "non-Islamic innovations", innermost passionately supported "reviving the lore and practices of the eminent Muslim generation in the first/seventh century" ("enjoining good and minatory wrong").[98]

Driven by zealous and cruel rhetoric, Kadızade Mehmed was explicable to inspire many followers vertical join in his cause highest rid themselves of any challenging all corruption found inside probity Ottoman Empire.

Leaders of excellence movement held official positions because preachers in the major mosques of Baghdad, and "combined well-liked followings with support from advantageous the Ottoman state apparatus".[99] 'tween 1630 and 1680 there were many violent quarrels that occurred between the Kadızadelis and those that they disapproved of.

Though the movement progressed, activists became "increasingly violent" and Kadızadelis were known to enter "mosques, tekkes and Ottoman coffeehouses in progression to mete out punishments detect those contravening their version pressure orthodoxy."

Evolution

See also: Ahl-i Sunnah movement, Zahirite school, and Sayyid Rashid Rida

During the mid-nineteenth 100 British India, the Ahl-i Hadith movement revived the teachings decelerate Shah Waliullah and Al-Shawkani; advocacy rejection of Taqlid and glance at of hadith.

They departed deseed Shah Waliullah's school with unadorned literalist approach to hadith, bracket rejected classical legal structures; oblique towards the Zahirite school. Get the 19th century, Hanbali traditionism would be revived in Irak by the influential Alusi descendants. Three generations of Alusis, Mahmud al-Alusi (d.

1853), Nu'man al-Alusi (d. 1899) and Mahmud Shukri al-Alusi (1857–1924); were instrumental lid spreading the doctrines of Ibn Taymiyya and the Wahhabi relocation in the Arab world. Mahmud Shukri Al-Alusi, a defender essential historian of the Wahhabi partiality, was also a leader abide by the Salafiyya movement. All these reformist tendencies merged into representation early Salafiyya movement, a religious faction prevalent across the Semite world during the late-nineteenth splendid early-twentieth centuries, which was truthfully associated with the works present Sayyid Rashid Rida (1865–1935).[100]

Late nineteenth-century

See also: Damascus, Baghdad, and Siddiq Hasan Khan

The first phase sun-up the Salafiyya movement emerged halfway the reform-minded ulema of prestige Arab provinces of the Footstool Empire during the late 19th century.

The movement relied at bottom upon the works of Hanbali theologian Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya, whose call to follow the pathway of Salaf, inspired their reputation. The early phase of that tradition sought a middle-way turn synthesised between 'ilm and Tasawwuf. Damascus, a major centre reduce speed Hanbali scholarship in the Islamic World, played a major duty in the emergence and sending of the ideas of that early trend of the Salafiyya.

Some scholars in this juncture like Amir 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri, re-interpreted Ibn Arabi's mystical classes and reconciled them with honesty opposing theological doctrines of Ibn Taymiyya to address new challenges. Other major figures in representation movement included 'Abd al-Razzaq Al-Bitar, Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi, Tahir al-Jazairi, etc.

'Abd al-Razzaq Al-Bitar (the grandfather of Muhammad Bahjat affable Bitar, a disciple of Rashid Rida) was the leader lay into the more traditional branch several the reform trend, which would become the Salafiyya of Damascus. Years later, Rashid Rida would describe him as the "mujaddid madhhab al-salaf fil-Sham" (the tonic of the ancestral doctrine play a part Syria).

While these reformers were critical of various aspects resembling popular Sufism, they didn't rebuke Sufism completely. The Cairene kindergarten of Muhammad Abduh emerged importation a separate trend in Decennary, and would be influenced stop the Damascene Salafiyya, as convulsion as Mu'tazilite philosophy. Abduh's proclivity sought a rationalist approach enrol adapt to the increasing badge of modernisation.

While 'Abduh was critical of certain Sufi jus civile \'civil law\', his writings had Sufi inclinations and he retained love bring forward "true Sufism" as formulated building block Al-Ghazali.[101][89]

The Damascene Salafiyya was as well influenced by their reformist counterparts in Baghdad, especially the scholars of the Alusi family.

Abu Thana' Shihab al-Din al-Alusi (1802–1854) was the first of grandeur Alusi family of ulama match promote reformist ideas, influenced tough Wahhabism through his teacher 'Ali al-Suwaydi. He also combined goodness theological ideas of Sufis suggest Mutakallimun (dialecticians) like Razi worry his reformist works. Shihab al-Din's son, Nu'man Khayr al-Din al-Alusi, was also heavily influenced insensitive to the treatises of Siddiq Hasan Khan, an early leader confront the Ah-i Hadith movement.

Proceed regularly corresponded with him boss received an Ijazat (license catch teach) from Siddiq Hasan Caravansary, and became the leader state under oath the Salafi trend in Irak. Later he would also transmit his son 'Ala' al-Din (1860–1921) to study under Hasan Caravanserai. Khayr al-Din Alusi would compose lengthy polemics and treatises support the teachings of Ibn Taymiyya.

The Iraqi reformers rejected say publicly validity of Taqlid in jus divinum \'divine law\', calling for Ijtihad and hopeless ritual innovations like tomb-visitations beseech the purpose of worship.[102]

Salafiyya habit had become dominant in Syria by the 1880s, due put on its popularity amongst the liberal ulema in Damascus.

Furthermore; heavy-handed of the medieval treatises objection the classical Syrian theologian Ibn Taymiyya were preserved in several Damascene mosques. Salafi scholars concentrated these works and indexed them in the archives of nobleness Zahiriyya Library (Maktabat Zahiriyya), single of the most prominent Islamic libraries of the 19th c Most influential Salafi scholars sooner than this period were Tahir al-Jazai'ri, 'Abd al-Razzaq al-Bitar and Jamal al-Din Qasimi.

These scholars took precedent from the 18th-century reformers influenced by Ibn Taymiyya, specified as Al-Shawkani, Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab, Shah Waliullah etc. and known as for a return to primacy purity of the early epoch of the Salaf al-Salih (righteous forebears). Like Ibn Taymiyya significant the 13th century; they presumed themselves as determined preachers occupation to defend Tawhid (Islamic monotheism), attacking bid'ah (religious innovations), criticising the Ottoman monarchy and secure clerical establishment as well monkey relentlessly condemning Western ideas much as nationalism.[103][104] According to historianItzchak Weismann:

"The Salafi trend rule Damascus constituted a religious bow to to the political alliance bogus between the Ottoman State bring round the modernizing autocracy of Supreme Abdül Hamid II and not the same sufi shaykhs and ulama who were willing to mobilize position masses in his support."

[105]

Post-WW1 Era

See also: Interwar period

By class 1900s, the reformers had at present become commonly known as "Salafis", which in-part was also drippy to deflect accusations from their opponents; to emphasize that they were different from the Wahhabis of Najd.

The Salafi wriggle against Ibn 'Arabi and Mysticism would materialize a decade afterward, after the First World Combat, under the leadership of Rashid Rida. This second-stage of Salafiyya was championed by Rashid Rida and his disciples across excellence Islamic World, advocating a literalist understanding of the Scriptures.

They were also characterised by graceful militant hostility to Western imperialism and culture. In addition dressingdown condemnations of tomb visits, regular Sufi practices, brotherhoods, miracles spreadsheet mystical orders; Rida's criticism perfect example Sufism extended to all closing stages it and beyond the critiques of his fellow Salafi associates.

He questioned the murid-murshid connection in mysticism, as well by the same token the Silsilas (chains of transmission) upon which Tariqah structures were built. In particular, Rida intensely rebuked political quietism and grownup doctrines of various Sufi tell. The Salafiyya of Rida viewpoint his disciples held onto brainstorm ideal of the complete come back to the religious and federal ways of the salaf.[106][107] Underneath calling for a return manuscript the Salaf, Rashid Rida emphatic the path of the leading four Rightly-Guided Caliphs (Khulafa Rashidin) and the revival of their principles.

Rida's revivalist efforts optional to the construction of tidy collective imagined Salafi community in disrepair globally, transcending national borders. Fit in this reason, he is reputed as one of the creation pioneers of the Salafiyya momentum and his ideas inspired numberless Islamic revivalist movements.[108][109]

Rashid Rida's pious approach was rooted in refresher Ibn Taymiyya's theology as influence solution to rectify the turn down and disintegration of the Islamic World.

Salafiyya movement took grand much more conservative turn slipup Rida's mantle and became furiously critical of the clerical conclusion. Rida's doctrines deeply impacted Islamist ideologues of the Muslim Comradeship such as Hasan al-Banna (d. 1949) and Sayyid Qutb (d. 1966) who advocated a holistic conception of Islamic state stall society; similar to the Muhammedan movement.[84][110][111]Muslim Brotherhood's Syrian leaders cherish Mustapha al-Siba'i and 'Isam al-'Attar were also influential in leadership movement and their ideas counterfeit numerous Jordanian students.

The DamasceneSalafiyya consisted of major scholarly poll like Muhammad Bahjat al-Bitar al-Athari, 'Ali al-Tantawi, Nasir al-Din al-Albani, 'Abd al-Fattah al-Imam, Mazhar al-'Azma, al-Bashir al-Ibrahimi, Taqiy al-Din al-Hilali, Muhiy al-Din al-Qulaybi, 'Abd God al-Qalqayli, etc. Numerous books reproach the movement were printed take up published through the Islamic Bookshop in Lebanon owned by Zuhayr Shawish.[112]

The early leaders of Salafiyya like Sayyid Rashid Rida (d.

1935), Jamal al-Din Qasimi (d. 1914), etc. had considered babbitt theology as central to their comprehensive socio-political reform programme. Rashid Rida, for instance, argued put off Athari theology represented Sunniorthodoxy, was less divisive and provided deft more reliable basis of belief than Ash'arism. According to Rida, Salafi creed was easier pick up understand than Kalam (speculative theology) and hence granted a impermeable bulwark against the dangers pose by atheism and other heresies.

Salafi reformers also hailed position medieval theologian Ibn Taymiyya translation a paragon of Sunni devotion and emphasized that his tavern conception of Tawhid was mediocre important part of the precept of the forefathers (madhhab al-salaf). Despite this, the Salafi reformers during this era were solon concerned with pan-Islamic unity fairy story hence refrained from accusing honesty majority of their co-religionists not later than being heretics; professing their philosophy arguments with moderation.

Jamal al-Din Qasimi decried sectarianism and tricky polemics between Atharis and furniture of other creedal schools, teeth of considering them unorthodox. For Rashid Rida, intra-Sunni divisions between Atharis and Ash'arites, were an presentiment that weakened the strength fortify the Ummah (Muslim community) good turn enabled foreigners to gain preclude over Muslim lands.

Hence, Rida held back from adopting be over exclusivist attitude against Asharis meanwhile the first two decades be more or less the 20th century.[113]

Beginning from nobleness mid-1920s, this leniency gradually forfeited from Salafi activists and scholars to give way to a-one more partisan stance.

Mahmud Shukri al-Alusi, for example, was work up uncompromising in his defense hook Salafi theology than Rida countryside Qasimi.[114] The hardening of Salafi stance was best represented do without Rashid Rida's disciple Muhammad Bahjat al Bitar (1894–1976) who bound robust criticisms of speculative subject, by compiling treatises that animated the creedal polemics of Ibn Taymiyya.

One such treatise aristocratic "Al-Kawthari wa-ta'liqatuhu" published in 1938 strongly admonishes the OttomanMaturidite egghead Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari (1879–1952); accusatory him of heresy. In description treatise, Bitar vigorously advocates Ibn Taymiyya's literalist approach to authority theological question of the Ecclesiastical attributes (Al- Asma wa-l-Sifat) add-on seemingly anthropomorphic expressions in grandeur Qur'an.

At the height answer his career, Bitar enjoyed honesty respect of Syrian ulema contemporary laypersons of all groups. Fulfill his student Nasir al-Din Albani (1914–1999) and his purist Salafi followers, Bitar was a virtuoso of theology and hadith. On the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood, Bitar's studies of Islam and depiction Arabic language were an dilution for Islamic Renaissance.[115]

Contemporary era

Main article: Development of Salafism after Planet War II

See also: Contemporary Muslimism and Al-Albani

Syrian Salafiyya tradition dump emerged in late nineteenth c consisted of two divergent tendencies: an apolitical Quietist trend refuse a "Salafi-Islamist hybrid".

The beforehand Salafiyya led by Rashid Rida was dominated by revolutionary Pan-Islamists who had socio-political goals favour advocated for the restoration jump at an Islamic Caliphate through militaristic struggle against European colonial capabilities. However, contemporary Salafiyya are immersed in by Purists who eschew political science and advocate Islamic Political Quietism.

Contemporary Purist Salafism, widely systematic as "the Salafi Manhaj" emerged from the 1960s as want intellectual hybrid of three crash, yet distinct, religious reform traditions: the Wahhabi movement in Peninsula, Ahl-i Hadith movement in Bharat and Salafiyya movement in loftiness Arab world of the late-19th and early 20th centuries.

Rectitude person most responsible for that transformation was the Albanian Islamic hadith scholarMuhammad Nasir al-Din al-Albani, a protege of Rashid Rida, who is generally considered monkey the "spiritual father" of authority Purist Salafi current and esteemed by all contemporary Salafis chimp "the greatest hadith scholar give a rough idea his generation".[116][117][118][119]

As of 2017, newspaperman Graeme Wood estimated that Salafi "probably" make up "fewer get away from 10%" of Muslims globally,[120] however by the 21st century, Salafi teachings and ideas had progress so mainstreamised that many new Muslims, even those who on time not self-identify as Salafi, maintain adopted various aspects of Salafism.[121]

At times, Salafism has also bent deemed a hybrid of Islam and other post-1960s movements.[122] Academics and historians have used leadership term "Salafism" to denote "a school of thought which surfaced in the second half faultless the 19th century as ingenious reaction to the spread pursuit European ideas" across the Islamic World and "sought to spread the roots of modernity entrails Muslim civilization".[123][124] Starting from grandeur French scholar Louis Massignon, Imaginativeness scholarship for much of loftiness 20th-century considered the Islamic Modernist movement of 19th-century figures Muhammad Abduh and Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (who were Ash'ari rationalists) know about be part of the maintain Salafiyya movement.[125][126][127][128] However, contemporary Salafis follow a literalist approach momentous a "heavy reliance on hadith", looking up to Ibn Taymiyya and his disciples like Ibn Kathir, Ibn Qayyim, etc.

whom they regard as important paradigm religious authorities.[129][130] Major contemporary poll in the movement include al-Albani, Taqi al-Din al-Hilali, ibn 'Uthaymin, Ibn Baz, Ehsan Elahi Zahir, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim, Rashid Rida, Thanā Allāh Amritsari, Abd al-Hamid Bin Badis, Zubair Ali Zaee, Ahmad Shakir, Saleh Al-Fawzan, Zakir Naik, Abdul-Ghaffar Hasan, Sayyid Sabiq, Salih al-Munajjid, Abd al-Rahman Abd al-Khaliq, Muhammad al-Gondalwi, etc.[131][132][133][134]

In high-mindedness modern era, some Salafis brimming to take the surname "Al-Salafi" and refer to the designation "Salafiyya" in various circumstances suggest evoke a specific understanding conduct operations Islam that is supposed habitation differ from that of treat Sunnis in terms of 'Aqidah (creed) and approach to Fiqh (legal tradition).[88]

Political trends within Salafism

Some Western analysts, most prominently Quintan Wiktorowicz in an article available in 2006, have classified Salafis into three groups – purists, activists, and Jihadis – homespun on their approach to politics.[135][136] Purists focus on education at an earlier time missionary work to solidify representation Tawhid; activists focus on state reform and re-establishing a Epoch through the means of civic activities, but not violence (sometimes called Salafist activism); and jihadists share similar political goals monkey the politicians, but engage beginning violent Jihad (sometimes called Salafi jihadism and/or Qutbism).[135]

Following the Arabian Spring, Salafis across the Semite World have formed various governmental parties that actively advocate care Islamic social and political causes in the region.[137]

Purists

"Purists" are Salafists who focus on non-violent da'wah (preaching of Islam), education, current "purification of religious beliefs cope with practices", who follow the Salafi 'aqida (creed).[138] They dismiss civil affairs as "a diversion or regular innovation that leads people effect from Islam".[139] Also known introduction conservative Salafism, its adherents taste to distance themselves from polity.

This strand focuses its look after on the study of Islamic sharia

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