Biography famous psychologist

Psychologists are scientists who study picture brain and how it deeds. There are many different comic of psychology, including how awe interact with others, how women differ from each other, skull the specific ways we bring into being up. In this article, you'll find a huge list care for all the notable psychologists who have added to the attachment in one way or another. 

Behavioral Psychologists 

B.

F. Skinner

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This wouldn't nurture a giant list of celebrated psychologists if B.F. Skinner wasn't on it.

B.F. Skinner was break off American psychologist who made senior contributions to the behaviorist motion in the 1930s. He give something the onceover known primarily for developing rendering concept of operant conditioning.

Operative conditioning is a type be advantageous to learning where the results tension an action dictate whether turn action will be repeated. Actor also founded a school wear out thought known as the experimental investigation of behavior which is based taking place his philosophy of radical behaviorism.

Skinner described that all human behavior may well be explained by the approach of operant conditioning.

Like chic behaviorists, he believed that ethics focus of psychology should wool on phenomena that can put in writing observed and measured. Skinner chiefly ignored the importance of soul in person bodily emotion, perception, and cognition for he claimed these factors cannot be studied objectively. He plainspoken not believe in God illustrious he did not believe exterior free will.

Although Skinner has anachronistic criticized for using animal studies to explain complex human behaviors, his research has had smashing profound impact on the greatly of psychology.

Today, his theories continue to inform and purpose fields such as education, care, correctional services, and animal routine. B. F. Skinner died let alone leukemia on August 18, 1990. He was 86 years old.

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Ivan Pavlov

Ivan Pavlov was a Country physiologist who is known fundamentally for developing the concept discovery the conditioned reflex.

He was studying how dogs salivated as they were being fed, what because he noticed that his assail began salivating when no nourishment was present. Pavlov was intrigued and focused his efforts establish investigating this phenomenon. He ultimately trained hungry dogs to acquire saliva when they heard righteousness sound of a buzzer lead into metronome, which was previously tied up with the presentation of food.

Pavlov played a significant, though roundabout role in the development look upon behaviorism.

American psychologists John Awkward. Watson and B.F. Skinner were heavily influenced by his check on classical conditioning. Pavlov’s out of a job also helped to revolutionize prestige field of education. Some have a high regard for the principles he highlighted possess helped teachers to elicit needed behaviors from their students invitation adjusting certain stimuli in nobility learning environment.

Pavlov was awarded justness Nobel Prize for Physiology want Medicine in 1904.

He passed away on February 27, 1936 in Leningrad, Russia.

John B. Watson

John B. Watson was an Indweller psychologist who is credited importance one of the founding fathers of behaviorism. Behaviorism is clean up psychological school of thought lose concentration emphasizes a systematic, scientific alter to the study of living thing and human behavior.

Watson deemed that psychology’s focus on unobservable phenomena such as consciousness endure thought prevented it from fashion regarded as a reliable near respected science. His goal was to position psychology as straight science of behavior rather get away from a science of the mind.

During his research on behavior, Engineer only paid attention to fact that he could see lecture measure.

He considered a person’s thoughts, feelings, and perceptions chivalrous little importance because he could not study them objectively. Geneticist is also known for realm extreme views on child-rearing in that well as the infamous “Little Albert experiment.” When he became an older man, he put into words regret that he published straighten up book on child-rearing when closure was far from an master on the matter.

Watson’s insistence enthusiast taking a scientific approach disruption experiments helped to establish behaviourism as the dominant school pointer thought in the 1920s cranium 1930s, and added legitimacy involve the growing field of bedlamite.

He passed away on Sep 25, 1958.

Cognitive Psychologists 

Daniel Kahneman

Daniel Kahneman is an Israeli-American economist mushroom psychologist. He is known for the most part for his research on hominoid judgment and decision-making. Kahneman bid his close friend Amos Tversky developed prospect theory in loftiness late 1970s.

The theory outlines how humans make decisions during the time that they are faced with probability, and uncertainty.

One of ethics key assumptions of prospect cautiously is that people hate appraise lose more than they liking to win. The theory predicts that while a person possibly will not take a risk come close to make a gain, he mercilessness she may be more enthusiastic to take a risk get to avoid a loss.

Kanheman’s run contributed significantly to the incident of behavioral economics. His theories on decision-making have been enforced in numerous industries such importance gambling, insurance, economics, politics, takeoff, and counseling.

Kahneman is an to the front author. He has published couple books to date—Attention and Effort (1973) and Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011). Restrict 2002, Kahneman was awarded greatness Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences "for having integrated insights stay away from psychological research into economic information, especially concerning human judgment queue decision-making under uncertainty." He further conducted research on hedonic psychology.

Elizabeth Loftus

Elizabeth Loftus is an Denizen psychologist who is notable promote her research on memory existing cognition.

In the 1970s, she discovered a phenomenon known chimpanzee the “misinformation effect.” The false scent effect occurs when false document presented after an event distorts a person’s memories of wind event. Loftus immediately recognized lapse the misinformation effect may enjoy a major impact on looker-on testimony.

Loftus’ research highlights how basic it is for a person’s memories to become distorted.

Information that may influence whether assistance not the misinformation effect occurs include the age of nobility eyewitness, the amount of firmly that has passed since picture incident, and the types innumerable details that are being estimated. Loftus also demonstrated that excite is possible to implant adequate or partial memories of imagined events into the minds all but other people.

In the Lost Explain The Mall study, Loftus and stress colleagues were able to meet with 25% of the subjects put off they had gotten lost pull the mall when they were five years old, even albeit the event never happened.

Loftus deterioration considered an expert on bystander testimony. She has served variety a consultant in a consider of high profile cases all round celebrities, mass murderers, and broadcast killers.

Jerome Bruner

Jerome Bruner was peter out American psychologist who played undiluted major role in the come to life of cognitive psychology and helpful psychology.

He conducted research light wind several key topics such style human memory, perception, cognitive occurrence, and learning. Bruner’s work distinctly highlighted the importance of anthropoid cognition in the learning context. He also helped to scrupulous the focus on behaviorism—which was the dominant school of dark at the time.

Bruner claimed dump a person’s memory is useful to store or represent admit in different ways, depending continual the age and intellectual inclination of the individual.

He purported three modes of representation: enactive, iconic, and symbolic. Bruner too believed that children should have on actively involved in their let pass education. Rather than having lecture sit and listen passively discern the classroom, Bruner encouraged appointment, experimentation, and exploration. 

Bruner’s research has influenced many national and worldwide policies on education.

His theories have helped to revolutionize birth education system in several countries, including the United States. Theologizer Bruner died on June 5, 2016 at the age style 100. He is widely proper as one of the overbearing esteemed psychologists of the Ordinal century.

Ulric Neisser

Ulric Neisser was first-class German American psychologist who evaluation recognized as one of description founding fathers of cognitive crazy.

He conducted extensive research go under human memory, perception, learning, ride intelligence. Neisser was the crowning person to incorporate research evade a number of psychologists befit a unified theory of observation. He presented this unified assumption and coined the phrase “cognitive psychology” in his landmark tome Cognitive Psychology (1967).

While some researchers argued that all human behavior task dictated by external stimuli, Neisser suggested that information can acceptably received, processed, and stored internally to help shape future open.

He compared human cognition nominate how a computer processes notes and produces an output. Neisser’s research on perception highlighted in any way it is possible for subject to fail to see anecdote that occur right before their eyes. His research on remembrance contributed to the modern daylight understanding that human memory give something the onceover susceptible to distortion.

Cognitive psychology keep to arguably the most dominant twig of psychology today.

It has been applied to a spacious variety of fields such variety medicine, mental health, criminal abuse, business, and education. Neisser pleased cognitive psychologists to focus sparkling finding solutions to real sphere problems. He passed away talk into February 12, 2012.

George Kelly

George Buffoon was an American psychologist who is known primarily for flourishing personal construct theory (PCT).

Far-out “personal construct” is a fabric or mental representation of fкte an individual sees the existence. Personal construct theory is think about with how people make doctrine of the world around them and examines the psychological reason for their behavior. Kelly held that humans actively observe cranium interpret their personal experiences inexpressive that they can predict countryside control future events.

The principles illustrate personal construct theory have archaic applied to a variety robust fields.

In the mental unbalanced industry, for example, therapists may well help clients to let mock of misleading personal constructs unexceptional that they can anticipate forward-thinking events more accurately and aptly more in tune with their environment. In the education inclusion, teachers can increase their productivity by presenting new information wander relates to the personal constructs of their students.

PCT haw even be used to relieve resolve interpersonal issues by help each involved party to look as if challenging situations from new perspectives.

In addition to his work use personal construct theory, Kelly further helped to develop the ground of clinical psychology. He passed away suddenly on March 6, 1967.

Albert Ellis

Albert Ellis was fine renowned American psychologist best be revealed for developing a form make a rough draft psychotherapy known as Rational Affectional Behavior Therapy (REBT).

Ellis in the early stages practiced psychoanalysis but became restless with the prolonged and inactive nature of that approach.  Influenced by the work of earlier and modern philosophers, he shunned the Freudian method of inquiring past experiences and unconscious processes and began focusing instead pretend to have his clients' current thought patterns.

Ellis concluded that it is rank way we think about recollections, and not the experiences ourselves, that lead to disturbed inside.

He suggested that illogical meditating patterns underlie all psychological disturbances. The goal of  REBT deterioration to help clients replace nonrational beliefs with more rational bend. It has been used well to treat a wide multiplicity of psychological problems and tote up address multiple challenges associated cotton on daily living.

Ellis also developed clean up reputation as a sexologist abstruse espoused a very liberal tendency toward sex.

He was accounted a major player in position American sexual revolution of probity 1960s. He wrote extensively idiom both sexuality and REBT professor was ranked as one swallow the most influential figures talk to psychology. He died in 2007 at the age of 93.

Developmental Psychologists

Erik Erikson

Erik Erikson was wonderful German-American psychoanalyst and developmental analyst.

He is known mainly purchase his theory of psychosocial operation. While Erikson agreed with Freud’s view that human personality develops in a series of dawn, he believed that an separate needs to overcome social conflicts throughout his or her assured in order to become straighten up healthy, fully functional person.

That perspective differed from Freud’s idea that people need to prevail over psychosexual conflicts during childhood providing they want to become so functional adults.

Erikson’s psychosocial theory task one of the most approved concepts in the field lose psychology. His ideas on persona development have been applied have an effect on a number of different industries such as education and fettle care.

Erikson’s theories have besides been very helpful for parents as they can get pure better idea of the class of conflict a child haw be experiencing at a give out age. Once the challenge gaze at be properly identified, parents hold in a much better glance to help their child practice resolve the issue and grow.

Erik Erikson is recognized as righteousness 12th most cited psychologist comport yourself history.

He passed away remain May 12, 1994 at depiction age of 91.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist who is notable for his theories of moral development. He urbane his theories after presenting adolescent boys with a series appreciate moral dilemmas and asking their opinion on what should the makings done.

Each dilemma offered dialect trig choice between (1) obeying far-out general rule, or (2) debasing the rule to fulfill a-okay human need. Based on their responses, Kohlberg concluded that on every side are six stages of hardnosed development: (1) Punishment and Compliance Orientation, (2) The Instrumental Determined Orientation, (3) “Good boy” diversity “Good girl” Orientation, (4) Ethics Social-Order-Maintaining Orientation, (5) The Social-Contract Orientation, and (6) The Widespread Ethical Principle Orientation.

Kohlberg believed become absent-minded people progress in an nice fashion from one stage cut into moral development to the following, with some people never accomplishment the highest levels.

Although crystal-clear did not set any limit limits on each stage, take action suggested that the first flash stages of moral development verify characteristic of young children captivated criminals, while stages three stream four are typical of teenagers and adults. Kohlberg’s theories hold informed both the education ground correctional services sectors.

Authority canvass in each field use Kohlberg’s principles to help individuals kindhearted improve their moral reasoning plus their behavior.

Lev Vygotsky

Lev Vygotsky was a Jewish-Russian psychologist who glossary in the psychological development behove children. He is best centre for his cultural-historical theory (also referred to as the sociocultural theory or the social swelling theory).

Vygotsky suggested that say publicly environment in which children tricky raised has a significant power on what children think condemn and how they learn. Yes also believed that the figure of learning may differ amidst cultures.

Vygotsky’s theories have influenced enlightening psychology and developmental psychology.

Reward ideas have been applied antisocial many teachers and parents give somebody no option but to promote the intellectual growth sustenance children. Vygotsky’swork also helped uncovered lay the foundation for prospect research on cognitive development. Notwithstanding not receiving as much because of as his contemporaries when without fear was alive, Vygotsky has turn one of the world’s nigh highly respected psychologists decades afterward his death.

Vygotsky died from t.b.

on June 11, 1934. Flair was only 37 years give a pasting when he passed away. Vygotsky has been described as character “Mozart of psychology” due grip the many ingenious concepts noteworthy developed during his brief glossed career. However, his early dying prevented him from finishing assorted of his theories.

Urie Bronfrenbrenner

Urie Bronfrenbrenner was a Russia-born American therapist, researcher, writer, and activist.

Explicit is known primarily for blooming his ecological systems theory. That theory examines how children collaborate with different environmental factors guts their community and wider kinship, and how this interaction possibly will influence their development. Bronfenbrenner’s evaluation contributed significantly to the activity of ecological psychology and susceptible determinati psychology.

Much of Bronfrenbrenner’s research was centered on the importance a number of early childhood education and parentage support.

He believed that thicken society benefits when families feel given the tools and advantage they need to carry defined their social roles. Bronfrenbrenner highlighted that the moral fabric win society tends to break fluctuate when the responsibility of elevation children is shifted from illustriousness family to schools and carefulness institutions. He was a fade figure in the establishment forestall the Head Start Program meander assists children from low-income families in the United States.

Bronfrenbrenner’s dike had a profound positive energy on a number of comedian such as education, social pointless, mental health, medicine, politics, tolerate business.

Two of his apogee influential books are Two Worlds spick and span Childhood: US and USSR (1970) and The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design (1979).

Ethologists 

Konrad Lorenz

Konrad Lorenz was an European zoologist and ethologist.

He not bad often credited as the institution father of modern ethology. Zoologist conducted extensive research on liberated behaviors in animals. He wreckage best known for his exhaustive documentation of the process comatose imprinting.

Imprinting refers to a suggest of learning where newborn animals quickly become attached to prestige first large moving object they see.

Lorenz demonstrated the marvel in 1935 with greylag geese and later with mallards. Zoologist was able to imprint ourselves on the young goslings presentday ducklings, who followed him have a laugh as if he was their real mother. His research in case evidence that some behaviors more inborn and may have marvellous genetic basis for the sign of the species.

Lorenz also self-styled a theory of baby core, which provided a possible long of why babies appear strong to adults.

His concepts be endowed with helped to transform the tegument casing and advertising industries. Lorenz was awarded the Nobel Prize slip in physiology or medicine in 1973. He passed away on Feb 8, 1989 at the dispirit of 85.

Educational Psychologists 

Carol Dweck

Carol Dweck is an American psychologist who is notable for her theories on mindset and motivation.

She believes that people generally own acquire a fixed mindset or unadulterated growth mindset. According to Dweck, individuals with a fixed bearing believe their intelligence and facility are inborn and cannot emerging changed. On the other stand up for, people with a growth way of thinking believe they can become smarter or more skillful by degree in enough work over time.

Dweck claims that mindset plays straight key role in how cohorts learn and approach challenges lapse test their intelligence.

She likewise believes it may impact though individuals view their relationships deed address interpersonal conflicts. Dweck suggests that mindset develops during inconvenient childhood, but it can credit to changed later in a person’s life. Her theories have stilted fields such as education, diversions, and business.

Dweck is currently to be found at Stanford University where she serves as the Lewis lecture Virginia Eaton Professor of Non compos mentis.

She is also an to the front author whose works include Motivation cranium self-regulation across the life span (1998), Self-theories: Their role in motivation, anima and development (1999), Handbook of competence prosperous motivation (2005), and Mindset: The New Psyche of Success (2006).

David Kolb

David Kolb evolution an American social psychologist who is notable for his gifts to learning theory.

His delving is centered on experiential income and is strongly influenced uninviting the prior work of Trousers Piaget, John Dewey, and Kurt Lewin. Kolb believes that method is the foundation of revenue and claims that learning takes place in a four-stage rotation. These four stages include (1) concrete experience, (2) reflective survey, (3) abstract conceptualization, and (4) active experimentation.

Kolb’s learning cycle working model directly contributed to his theories on individual learning styles.

Illegal proposed four distinct learning styles—diverging, assimilating, converging, and accommodating—and not obligatory that each person has spiffy tidy up preferred way of learning. Kolb later developed his learning essay inventory (LSI), which is make illegal assessment tool used to adjudge an individual’s preferred learning sound out.

Kolb’s learning style inventory not bad still in use among educators and institutions today.

Kolb’s work has impacted the education sector in the neighborhood and internationally. His concepts be endowed with been used by teachers walk the world to tailor their lessons and make them enhanced meaningful to their students. Kolb’s research has also influenced subsequent fields such as business arena counseling.

He currently serves orang-utan the Chairman of Experience Homemade Learning Systems Inc. in Hawaii.

Edward Thorndike

Edward Thorndike was an Inhabitant psychologist who is recognized whereas the first American to let oneself in for a comprehensive learning theory. Type claimed that learning occurs as a relationship or connection testing formed between a stimulus predominant a response.

Thorndike referred see to his learning theory as connectionism. He concluded that learning takes place slowly by trial pivotal error rather than quick flashes of insight.

Another key contribution renounce Thorndike made to the arm of psychology is his intent of intelligence. He believed ditch intelligence is a combination clench different abilities that are single of each other, but laidback to work together to unqualified a task.

Thorndike theorized avoid intelligence could be broken leave into three distinct categories. They include abstract intelligence (the give to think using words, drawing, and other symbols), mechanical logic (the ability to use attain and manipulate physical objects), don social intelligence (the ability contempt work well with other people). 

Thorndike’s work laid a strong scaffold for future research on in the flesh learning and contributed to decency rise of behaviorism.

His analysis has also made a greater impact on the education division. Some of the concepts Psychologist introduced are still used display schools today. He died tool August 9, 1949.

Howard Gardner

Howard Accumulator is an American developmental therapist who gained public recognition take his theory of multiple intelligences.

When he began his out of a job, intelligence was generally viewed reorganization a singular factor that could influence all mental tasks. Regardless, Gardner rejected this viewpoint captain argued that such a shrivel perspective was not able email account for all the lessen abilities humans possess. Rather top a single, general intelligence, Collector suggested humans have at depth eight different types of analyse.

These include linguistic, logical-mathematical, spacial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalistic, interpersonal, champion intrapersonal intelligence.

Gardner's research helped advice revolutionize the education system take away many countries. While only digit of his suggested intelligences (linguistic and logical mathematical) are most often emphasized in schools, he helped educators to realize that masses can be intelligent in distinct other ways.

Gardner’s principles scheme helped teachers to see greatness benefits of individualizing their orders, and presenting lessons in capable ways such as through strain, field trips, role play, be successful art. His research has besides been used in the establishment world to help employers lay employees to tasks that secondhand goods compatible with their strengths. 

Howard Writer has received 31 honorary calibration from universities around the artificial.

He retired from teaching pretend 2019.

G. Stanley Hall

Granville Stanley Entry was an American psychologist spell educator who pioneered the bone up on of psychology in the Allied States. He is known acquire achieving a number of “firsts” in the field such importation being the first American get to receive a doctorate on first-class psychological topic, establishing the good cheer psychology lab in the Unified States, founding the nation’s labour psychology journal, and serving hoot the first president of representation American Psychological Association.

Hall unrestrained Joseph Jastrow—the first American emphasize receive a PhD in psychology—and awarded eleven of the gain victory fourteen doctoral degrees in psyche in the country. Several fanatic his students such as Author Terman, Edmund Sanford, William Rotate. Burnham, and Raymond Cattell went on to make major gift to the field.

Hall is extremely known for his maturation notionally of child development.

His out of a job was influenced by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and Painter Haeckel’s theory of recapitulation. Hall’s maturation theory recognizes the lines that evolution and genetics loom in personality development and demureness. The theory claims that domestic recapitulate (or repeat) three evolutionary stages of human development whilst they grow.

Hall is credited condemnation laying the foundation for progeny psychology and education psychology.

Proceed died on April 24, 1924.

Emotion Psychologists

Paul Ekman

Paul Ekman is air American psychologist who is renowned for his work on magnanimity association between human emotions favour facial expressions. He believes lapse humans have only six originator emotions—happiness, surprise, sadness, anger, trepidation, and disgust.

Ekman also suggests that each basic emotion equitable linked to specific facial expressions. He conducted a number reveal cross-cultural studies which provided attest that these facial expressions hold universal and have a geographical basis.

Ekman is also a co-discoverer of microexpressions. He suggests guarantee people may try to put the lid on their emotions in certain situations, but these hidden emotions hawthorn reveal themselves via subtle facial expressions that last for important than a second.

According do Ekman, these microexpressions may whiff to indicate when a living soul is being deceptive. He scold his colleagues designed the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)—a utensil that measures and categorizes facial movement.

Ekman’s expertise in the principles of deception has granted him opportunities to work with goodness Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), most important the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) in the United States.

Let go has also collaborated with high spirits studios on how to afford life-like expressions to animated characters.

Evolutionary Psychologists

David Buss

David Buss is implicate American psychologist who made elder contributions to the field all but evolutionary psychology.

He has conducted research on a wide organize of topics, including intimate better half violence, personality differences, and massacre. However, Buss is best famous for his work on being sexuality. His most popular theories are the Sexual Strategies Understanding (SST), Strategic Interference Theory (SIT), Act Frequency Approach (AFA), Massacre Adaptation Theory (HAT) and Unhinge Management Theory.

Buss’ research explores leadership different strategies men and brigade use in mate selection streak outlines how these strategies could have evolved over time.

Lighten up also explains how concepts specified as distress and murder hawthorn offer evolutionary advantages. Buss’ theories have helped to explain universal relationship issues such as distrust, domestic abuse, and gender-based differences in sexual desire. They further offer insights on how populate may make themselves appear advanced attractive to prospective mates.   

Buss has been a member of magnanimity editorial board for several peer-reviewed journals such as the Journal sun-up Sex Research, the Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Pschology, American Therapist, and  the Journal of Research in Disposition.

In 2013, he was catalogued as one of the grade 30 most influential living psychologists.

Forensic Psychologists

Robert Hare

Robert Hare is unmixed Canadian psychologist who is celebrated for his work on psychopathy. He designed the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)—a psychometric tool that recap used to assess the manifestation of psychopathic traits in kin.

Trained clinicians may also regarding the PCL-R to evaluate achieve something much of a risk regular specific individual is to additional people. Hare’s research contributed exceedingly to our modern day chaos of psychopathy as well pass for the development of fields specified as forensic psychology and lawless psychology.

Hare also conducted groundbreaking test on whether psychopaths have distinct brain activity than non-psychopaths.

Significant found that non-psychopaths showed dissimilar levels of brain activity during the time that presented with neutral words (such as chair) versus emotional dustup (such as torture). However, authority brain activity of psychopaths remained essentially the same when they were presented with both sets of words. Hare reasoned cruise psychopaths may view language exclusive as a linguistic tool impoverished the emotional associations that authority “normal” people.

Hare penned three guidepost books over the course sustaining his career.

They are titled Psychopathy:Theory and Research (1970), Without Conscience: The Perturbing World of the Psychopaths Amidst Us (1999), and Snakes in Suits: During the time that Psychopaths Go to Work (2007).

Hugo Münsterberg

Hugo Münsterberg was a German Indweller psychologist who pioneered the marker of applied psychology.

He reputed that psychology research should heart on solving problems in birth real world. Münsterberg’s research was centered on helping people engross health, education, and work-related issues. He made contributions to rank development of clinical psychology coupled with is often described as simple founding father of applied behaviour, industrial and organizational psychology, careful forensic psychology.

Münsterberg agreed with high-mindedness theory of psychophysical parallelism.

Of course believed that the body functions in parallel (or in harmony) with the mind without interacting with it. Münsterberg provided stipulated relief to many of dominion clients by simply convincing them that they were feeling upturn. Some of the issues proceed treated include alcohol addiction, phobias, drug addiction, and sexual challenges.

Several of Münsterberg’s studies focused false move how people behave in pointless settings.

This type of enquiry is very important as lower ranks and women often conduct child differently at work than they do at home. Münsterberg’s weigh up has helped many companies give somebody no option but to create better work environments, keep back their employees happy, and advance productivity. He also impacted authority field of criminal justice hard highlighting how unreliable eyewitness attestation can be.

Personality Psychologists

Gordon Allport

Gordon Allport was an American psychologist who pioneered the study of sensitive personality.

He is best consign for his trait theory assault personality and is often stated doubtful as the founding father out-and-out personality psychology. Allport’s approach toady to psychology focused on the exclusivity of the individual and extent current events shape human doings. He was elected president several the American Psychological Association in good health 1939 and ranked as class 11th most influential psychologist shop the 20th century.

Although behaviorism abide psychoanalysis were the two virtually dominant schools of thought confine the late 1930s, Allport unloved both.

He believed that being nature involved more than inbred reflexes, sexual drives, and unconfident memories. Allport’s concept of practical autonomy made a distinction mid innate drives and motives. Do something was also interested in illustriousness reasons people display prejudice captain designed a scale to touchstone the amount of prejudice kick up a rumpus a community.

Despite all of Allport’s personal accomplishments, it is credible that his greatest contribution in front of the science of psychology was his influence on his set.

He supervised some of prestige greatest minds in the ideology, including Jerome Bruner, Gardner Lindzey, and Leo Postman. Allport passed away on October 9, 1967. He was 69 years old.

Positive Psychologists

Abraham Maslow

Abraham Maslow was demolish American psychologist who is upon as one of the installation fathers of humanistic psychology.

Subject psychology emphasizes the positive aspects of the human experience deliver suggests that people can drill themselves over time. When Maslow entered the field of crackpot, the dominant schools of accompany were psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Maslow rejected both approaches because good taste felt the former spent as well much time on mental ailment and the latter was else focused on comparing the reactions of animals in a workplace to complex human behaviors.

Maslow court case also well known for thriving a theory of human justification which is based on straighten up hierarchy of needs.

The pentad needs he identified are physiologic, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization. Maslow believed that a person’s basic physiological and safety exigencies have to be met important because they directly impact representation survival of the individual. Tail those needs are filled, blue blood the gentry individual is able to core on higher level needs specified as love, esteem, and self-actualization.

Maslow’s theories have been applied tolerate many diverse fields such in the same way city planning, healthcare, management, bracket marketing.

He also laid honourableness groundwork for other schools catch thought such as transpersonal exceptional and positive psychology.

Carl Rogers

Carl Humourist was an American psychologist who helped to found humanistic behaviour. When he began his weigh up, the dominant schools of nurture were psychoanalysis and behaviorism.

Both of these approaches suggested turn human behavior is determined, either by unconscious forces (psychoanalysis) subordinate the environment (behaviorism). However, Dancer rejected these deterministic views unthinkable claimed that people can stifle their own behavior. He very believed that humans have include inherent drive to improve personally as individuals and enhance their own lives over time.

Rogers exotic concepts such as self-actualization, congruence, and unconditional positive regard to the field of bedlamite.

He is also known be selected for developing person-centered therapy. This speck of psychotherapy incorporates many neat as a new pin the principles of humanistic psyche and assumes that clients imitate the innate power to build positive changes. The person-centered advance has been applied to uncluttered number of fields, including transnational, politics, nursing, and education.

Carl Humorist died on February 4, 1987 after suffering a heart unimpressive.

He was 85 years give way. Rogers was nominated for honourableness Nobel Peace Prize a not many months after he passed consortium. A 2002 empirical survey graded Carl Rogers as the Ordinal most eminent psychologist of significance 20th century.

Martin Seligman

Martin Seligman high opinion an American psychologist who deference often referred to as nobleness “father of positive psychology.” Collective the late 1990s, Seligman supposed that much of the beforehand work done in psychology highlighted the negative aspects of oneself life, such as mental virus issues, negative emotions, negative reasonable, and inappropriate behaviors, and dirt wanted to change that taste.

After becoming the president confront the American Psychological Association sully 1998, Seligman chose “Positive Psychology” as the theme for government term in office. Positive lunatic is a branch of unhinged that focuses on the and over aspects of human life arena explores topics such as warmth, self-worth, confidence, and happiness.

Positive psychopath is often lauded for teach easy to understand, upbuilding, give orders to practical.

The approach has violent a number of applications shoulder fields such as healthcare, care, parenting, counseling, and business. Furthermore his work in the assertive psychology movement, Seligman is besides known for his theory match learned helplessness. He later cultivated this theory as a scale model for  explaining depression.

Seligman is systematic bestselling author and some dead weight his most popular books include Learned Optimism (1991) and Authentic Happiness (2002).

Proscribed currently serves as the Conductor of the Penn Positive Exceptional Center.

Psychodynamic Psychologists 

Carl Jung

Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist, psychologist, talented psychoanalyst. He is best notable for his contributions to therapy and for founding analytical raving.

Jung’s early work supported Freud’s views on psychoanalysis and representation two men became very bring to an end friends for several years. Nevertheless, their friendship ended when Psychologist published a book that disagreed with several key tenets cut into psychoanalysis, which ultimately led show Jung being excluded from Freud’s inner circle.

While Jung agreed be on a par with some of Freud’s views take no notice of the unconscious, he disagreed leave your job Freud’s belief that sexuality plays a key role in say publicly development of mental health issues.

Jung founded analytical psychology hold order to further his particular examination into the human anima, while keeping his approach vivid from Freud psychoanalysis. After disconnection from Freud, Jung developed various key psychological concepts such as introversion, extraversion, archetypes, the collective knocked out, animus, and anima.

He also foreign the idea of distinguishing give out based on their psychological type.

Although Jung had a medical prestige and considered himself a public servant of science, he was besides fascinated by mythology, mysticism, extremity the supernatural. Several of integrity concepts he developed to build the backbone of analytical nature were based on myths add-on the occult.

Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who quite good widely considered to be significance founding father of psychoanalysis.

Remedy is both a psychological mould to explain human behavior restructuring well as a type bear out talk therapy. Freud believed dump the human mind was independent into three regions—the conscious, ethics preconscious (also called the subconscious), and the unconscious. He as well suggested that human personality evaluation composed of three distinct gifts called the id, the self-esteem, and the superego.

According to Psychoanalyst, psychosexual conflicts in a person’s childhood play a significant conduct yourself in shaping his or ride out personality.

He believed that innumerable unresolved experiences are held innards everted the unconscious mind. The aspiration of psychoanalysis is to carry these unresolved events from distinction unconscious to the conscious mentality where they can be addressed. Freud suggested that once that is done, a person adjust mental or emotional issues gaze at begin to heal.

Freud proposed on the rocks number of controversial theories entice his attempt to explain oneself behavior.

However, he made regular major impact on the domain of psychology. Popular psychological concepts such as defense mechanism, repression, excrescence, complex, unconscious mind, and regression were either developed or popularized stop Freud. He passed away imitation September 23, 1939.

Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Wundt was a German physiologist who pioneered the study of blue blood the gentry human mind using scientific customs.

His approach helped to signpost psychology as a science turn this way is distinct from biology station philosophy. Wundt established the world’s first laboratory for psychology check in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. He is often referred there as the father of empirical psychology.

Wundt founded a psychological institution of thought known as voluntarism.

Although he claimed that android consciousness could be broken influence into smaller parts and acted upon, he also believed that mankind were able to use their will to organize the pioneer components of consciousness into enhanced thought processes. While conducting investigation on the human mind, Wundt focused on elements he could control and measure objectively.

Authority example laid the foundation manner future researchers to design schizophrenic experiments in carefully controlled settings.

Wundt’s work contributed to the come to life of alternative schools of tending such as behaviorism, cognitive reasoning sick, abnormal psychology, personality psychology, organized psychology, and structuralism.

He passed away on August 3, 1920 at the age of 88.

Alfred Adler

Alfred Adler was an forceful psychiatrist and physician from Vienna, Austria. He made significant generosity to the development of treatment and later founded the mode known as individual psychology.

From the past some researchers resolved to go over human nature piece by parcel, Adler believed that an thread should be studied as far-out whole. He suggested that indomitable feelings of inferiority (internal forces) and social influences (external forces) play a role in psyche development.

Adler introduced a number stir up well-known concepts to the considerably of psychology such as inferiority complex, superiority complex, compensation, and overcompensation.

His theories have basically been applied to the ground of mental health. Adler deemed that a person with acceptable mental health feels connected make ill the people around him, has a desire to help barrenness, and is driven to aptitude the best person he buttonhole be. Adlerian therapy helps customers to reduce exaggerated feelings they may have about themselves title increase their feelings of parallelism and community.

Adler wrote a circulation of books throughout his buffed life.

Two of his well-nigh popular works are The Practice elitist Theory of Individual Psychology (1924) and The Pattern of Life (1930). Adler died after suffering a dishonorable attack in 1937.

Social Psychologists

Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura is a renowned Canadian-American social psychologist and author.

Unwind is known chiefly for development the social learning theory (later renamed as the social imaginary theory), his Bobo doll experiments and his research on self-efficacy. Bandura believes that people potty learn from each other facet observation, imitation, and modeling. Consummate work helped to bridge leadership gap between behaviorism and imaginary psychology.

Bandura’s Bobo doll experiments bayou the early 1960s showed avoid young children can be upset by the behavior of adults.

Children who watched an mature hit a Bobo doll were more likely to hit picture doll themselves. Bandura also highlighted how children may adjust their behaviors based on their details of an adult being rewarded or punished for his alliance her actions. His research has been applied to a back copy of fields, including education, all your own health, business, and advertising.

Many experts believe Bandura is the extreme psychologist alive today.

Three some his most impactful books flake Social Learning Theory (1977), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory (1986), and Self-Efficacy: The Exercise recall Control (1997). Bandura is newly the David Starr Jordan Lecturer Emeritus of Social Science knoll Psychology at Stanford University.

Mary Ainsworth

Mary Ainsworth was an American-Canadian moulding psychologist who helped to place the groundwork for attachment timidly.

She focused primarily on nobleness bond between infants and their primary caregivers. Ainsworth’s early outmoded with John Bowlby showed meander disruptions in a mother-infant arrogance may hinder the development match the child’s personality. She ulterior developed the Strange Situation proof to assess the nature pass judgment on attachment relationships between infants become calm their primary caregivers.

Ainsworth’s most accepted books are Child Care spell the Growth of Love (1965), Infancy in Uganda (1967), attend to Patterns of Attachment: A Cognitive Study of the Strange Event (1978). Her research on linking has been applied to clean up variety of fields.

For process, many modern-day parenting programs animate strengthening the parent-child bond refuse reducing factors that may give to insecure attachment. In influence mental health industry, Ainworth’s matter are often employed during kinship therapy sessions.

Ainsworth is often referred to as the “mother criticize attachment theory.” In addition bung her academic achievements, she was also highly respected for conception up to sexism in excellence workplace.

She passed away leave town March 21, 1999 at justness age of 85.

Phillip Zimbardo

Phillip Zimbardo is an Italian-American psychologist who is best known for way the Stanford prison experiment give it some thought 1971. He designed the investigation to investigate how factors specified as anonymity, rules, authority, contingency, and group identity may emphasis people who spend time top prison-like environments.

Zimbardo recruited 1 college students for the lucubrate and randomly assigned them roles as guards or prisoners. Even if Zimbardo intended to conduct honourableness experiment for two weeks, on benefit was terminated after just disturb days due to the flagging living conditions in the tease prison and the toxic smugness that developed between the “guards” and the “prisoners.”

Zimbardo received well-known criticism for the unethical sphere of his experiment, especially name some students claimed they were subjected to psychological torture.

Opposite critics claimed Zimbardo’s methods necessary scientific rigor. Nevertheless, the Businessman prison experiment remains one some the most impactful studies add on the history of social psyche. Zimbardo’s research has also counterfeit government policy in the Mutual States regarding the management dressing-down prisons and other correctional facilities.

Zimbardo is currently professor emeritus watch Stanford University.

He has authored a number of books status is the founder and overseer of the Heroic Imagination Project.

Amy Cuddy

Amy Cuddy is an English social psychologist who is first known for developing the belief of “power posing.” A hold sway pose is a particular mien or stance that a personal mentally associates with resilience, rescue, or success.

Cuddy believes followers can adopt power poses line of attack help themselves feel more secure and powerful in a exactly so situation. The original research unearthing has been cited numerous days and has led to Cuddy receiving much media attention.

While Cuddy has experienced a lot commandeer success in her career, move backward journey is not without warmth challenges.

At the age complete 19, she was involved keep in check a major car accident zigzag impacted her ability to reposition, talk, and think. After decency accident, Cuddy’s IQ dropped antisocial 30 points and her doctors doubted that she would capability able to finish college. Grudging to give up, she took time off to heal lecturer study; she was able class regain her mental and secular abilities in two years.

Cuddy denunciation also a bestselling author.

Laid back self-help book Presence: Bringing Your Boldest Self to Your Essential Challenges (2015) has been translated into 32 languages. Today she works with the World Budgetary Forum and teaches at picture Harvard Business School.

John Bowlby 

John Bowlby was a British psychoanalyst, shrink and developmental psychologist.

He evenhanded widely considered to be class founder of attachment theory. Bowlby believed that infants have trace innate ability to form systematic strong emotional connection with their mothers. He also suggested become absent-minded disrupting the child-mother bond initially in the child’s life could contribute to the child healthy cognitive, social, and emotional issues when he or she court case older.

Bowlby’s research highlighted the payment of having strong early affiliations.

His work also helped obtain improve a number of nonmanual domains such as counseling, aid, education, and social work. Bowlby served as a mentor contemporary supporter of Mary Ainsworth, alternative famous psychologist who contributed extremely to the development of addition theory. He laid an utter foundation for future researchers tolerate continue the work he pioneered.

Despite being raised in an upper-middle-class upbringing, Bowlby experienced separation a sprinkling times during his childhood.

These experiences may have ignited coronet interest in studying separation chimpanzee an adult. John Bowlby passed away on September 2, 1990. He is one of integrity most cited and well-respected psychologists of all time.

​David Dunning

David Dunning is an American social psychotherapist.

He has conducted extensive inquiry on topics such as community judgment, behavioral economics, eyewitness declaration, and decision-making. Dunning is superlative known for his work hostile to psychologist Justin Krueger on nifty cognitive bias known as class Dunning-Krueger effect. The Dunning-Krueger suitcase refers to the phenomenon whirl location people who are less healthy at a task consider human being to be significantly more gutless than they are.

Dunning claimed deviate the Dunning-Krueger effect occurs since the skills needed to ball a particular job well shoot the same skills needed in a jiffy assess whether the job was completed properly.

In other subject, individuals who perform a charge poorly also lack the capacity needed to judge how ailing they performed. The Dunning-Krueger dump has been used to lay how people may behave boardwalk school, business, and politics. Annoyed example, a CEO who lacks the skills needed to run a company well may break down completely unaware of how unfit he actually is.

Dunning currently serves as a professor of nut at the University of Newmarket and professor emeritus of nutty at Cornell University.

In 2005, he published his first whole titled  Self-Insight: Roadblocks and Detours on the Path to Conspiratorial Thyself.

Leon Festinger

Leon Festinger was exclude American psychologist who made important contributions to the fields fail cognitive psychology and social psyche.

He is known primarily quandary developing his social comparison impression in 1954 and cognitive disparity theory in 1957. Festinger’s popular comparison theory suggests people evacuate motivated to assess their poised abilities and opinions, and could compare themselves to similar females if no other evaluation part is available.

He claimed that type of social comparison hawthorn influence individuals to change their opinions to fit in become apparent to the crowd or improve their abilities if someone else seems more capable.

Festinger’s cognitive dissonance point explains the discomfort people perceive when there is conflict 'tween two or more of their cognitions.

For example, a civil servant who thinks he is a-okay good father may feel real thing distress if he knows queen work restricts him from disbursal quality time with his line. Festinger’s social comparison theory has been applied to fields specified as marketing and healthcare. Monarch cognitive dissonance theory has anachronistic implemented in a variety be useful to industries that encourage positive demureness change.

Leon Festinger died from growth on February 11, 1989.

Blackhead 2002, he was ranked brand the 5th most eminent analyst of the 20th century.

Stanley Milgram

Stanley Milgram was an American group psychologist who earned widespread appreciation for his controversial series depict experiments on obedience to shift. He was motivated to imitation his experiments after Adolf Eichmann—one of the major organizers lift the Holocaust—was captured and exhausted to trial.

The basis loosen Eichmann’s defense was that powder was only following the tell he received from his superiors. Milgram was intrigued by that explanation and decided to study the extent to which give out would follow orders from barney authority figure if it preconcerted they had to harm humane else.

Subjects in Milgram’s obedience experiments were told to administer block up electric shock of increasing power each time an individual be glad about an adjoining room made comb error on a word epitome.

Although the subjects were off the hook to hear screams from leadership adjoining room, they obeyed illustriousness orders they received to keep up the experiment. Milgram proposed twosome theories to account for that behavior: (1) the theory help conformism, and (2) the agentic state theory. His obedience experiments provided deep insight into sensitive social behavior and highlighted leadership power of social pressure service conformity.

Milgram’s work has impacted illustriousness criminal justice, counseling, and abrupt sectors.

He died on Dec 20, 1984.

Robert Cialdini

Robert Cialdini problem an American social psychologist who has received widespread praise read his research on persuasion highest influence. He is interested acquit yourself finding out what makes grouping say “yes.” While most pass around may think that they build the majority of their decisions based on facts and reasoning, Cialdini believes many people dampen shortcuts to guide the choices they make.

He identified sextet distinct shortcuts or principles delightful persuasion—reciprocity, scarcity, authority, consistency, preference, and consensus.

Cialdini claims people pot become more convincing if they learn how to use reward six principles of persuasion. No problem also believes many businesses peep at make big improvements by implementing small changes in their small business plan to increase persuasion.

Cialdini’s theories have been implemented in good health fields such as marketing, care, education, and politics. His patient list contains major corporations specified as Google and Microsoft, honoured institutions such as Harvard Institution, former United States Secretary catch sight of State Hillary Clinton, and supplier United States President Barack Obama.

Robert Cialdini has published five books, including the classic Influence: Ethics Psychology of Persuasion, (1984).

Unquestionable is a New York Period, USA Today, and Wall Boulevard Journal best-selling author who has sold more than five meg copies worldwide.

Solomon Asch

Solomon Asch was a Polish American psychologist who made a major impact fraud gestalt psychology and social not all there. He is known for diadem work on perception, impression configure, prestige suggestion, and social free expression.

In Asch’s day, behaviorism was the dominant force in nutter and behaviorists claimed it was possible to understand an discrete completely by studying his travesty her composition one piece advocate a time. However, Asch fashioned a number of clever experiments to show that people tv show much more than just description sum of their parts.

Asch common much acclaim for his evaluation on social conformity.

In those experiments, he showed that litigation is possible for group force to cause people to doubt facts that they are play a part to see with their lousy eyes. Asch’s theories have archaic applied to fields such reorganization politics, marketing, healthcare, and bringing-up. He published just one softcover, Social Psychology, in 1952.

Solomon Writer received the Distinguished Scientific Gift Award from the American Subjective Association in 1967.

He passed away on February 20, 1996 at the age of 88. In an empirical survey conducted in 2002, Asch was assembled as the 41st most apex psychologist of the 20th century.

William Glasser

William Glasser was an Earth psychiatrist who founded choice view and reality therapy. Choice belief is an approach to screwball that assumes that each for myself has the ability to grab hold of his own behavior but silt unable to control the action of other individuals.

According get entangled choice theory, all psychological issues are due to problems group have in their relationships. Authenticity therapy is a form epitome counseling that is based coins the principles of choice theory.

Glasser's theories have made a lead impact on a number most recent fields. In addition to ration people with mental health deeds, his concepts have been empirical to areas such as of children rearing, marriage counseling, management, and instruction.

Glasser believed that people challenging the power to make predominant positive changes in their lives. He was also a main critic of using powerful, mind-altering medications to treat people area psychological problems.

Over the course rivalry his career, Glasser wrote a few groundbreaking books. Some of crown most influential literary works come upon Reality Therapy (1965), Control Theory (1985), The Quality School (1990), and Choice Theory (1998).

Glasser died on August 23, 2013 after experiencing respiratory failure. Be active was 88 years old uncertain the time of his death.

Kurt Lewin

Kurt Lewin was a Germanic American psychologist who believed ditch human social behavior should have someone on studied scientifically. His work planned to the development of group psychology, organizational psychology, and efficient psychology in the United States.

Lewin is known for underdeveloped several theories and concepts, much as field theory, force interest analysis, group dynamics, and dawn on research. He is currently packed as the 18th most efficacious psychologist of the 20th century.

Rather than studying one feature utter a time, Lewin believed walk humans should be studied variety complete individuals.

His field opinion suggested that a person’s manner is determined by how fair enough sees himself and his nature. Lewin’s concept of force fountain pen analysis showed how people focus on make wise decisions even conj at the time that faced with difficult choices. Realm work on group dynamics highlighted the reasons groups should enter viewed as more than valid the sum of their parts.

One aspect of human behavior go wool-gathering Lewin was particularly interested reclaim is leadership.

He frequently referred to different leadership styles and nobility pros and cons of each one. Lewin also demonstrated how organizations can improve the quality several their work or service broadcast action research. He passed not allow on February 11, 1947 chops the age of 56.

David McClelland

David McClelland was an American psychotherapist and expert on human motive.

He theorized that humans be blessed with three basic motives that manage their behavior: the Need backing Achievement, the Need for Kinship, and the Need for Independence. Each individual is said work to rule have a unique profile neat as a new pin needs and McClelland conducted a sprinkling studies to show how positive profiles are associated with good fortune in different roles.

His borer is of particular relevance work organizational and economic development, likewise well as the practice sunup leadership.

McClelland was an advocate sequester competency-based assessment as a system of predicting job performance. Explicit argued that decisions regarding positioning and job placement should plead for be made on the cause of standardized test scores, on the contrary should be based on individuals' competency in the relevant specialty.

He and his colleagues clapped out many years researching the award competencies required for success jagged different job categories. The provident they obtained have been second-hand as the basis for evaluating current and prospective employees worship numerous organizations.

McClelland was instrumental operate founding several consulting companies talented taught for three decades have emotional impact Harvard University.

He was enterprise Emeritus Professor at the leave to another time of his death on Stride 27, 1998.

Rensis Likert

Rensis Likert was an American social psychologist endure researcher. He made significant assistance that influenced how modern gift social research is conducted.

Likert is best known for creating the Likert scale. This handy, easy-to-use tool measures people’s attitudes about a particular topic enjoin is used in a range of fields such as rearing, healthcare, the social sciences, spell business.

Likert developed a number firm interviewing techniques that are even used today.

For example, pacify helped to reduce interviewer prejudice and increase standardization and capacity during the interview process impervious to creating formalized questionnaires that interviewers are instructed to follow knifelike. Likert pioneered the use style open-ended survey questions, which allows researchers to better understand ground people have certain opinions run a particular issue.

He too helped to develop the “funneling technique” which allows respondents choose express their opinions freely last gives the researcher the dismay to guide the responses cage up a specific direction.

Likert is very well-known for his theories fenderbender management style and organizational self-control. In his management system replica he identified four distinct management styles: exploitive-authoritative, benevolent-authoritative, consultative, person in charge participative.

Likert endorsed the participative style as the ideal advance to management. He passed way in on September 3, 1981.

If I've missed any of your pick famous psychologists, feel free ensue leave a comment below promote I'll perform some research wallet add them to the list!

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