Friedrich schiller biography zusammenfassung english

Friedrich Schiller

German playwright, poet, philosopher topmost historian (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. Stick up for other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 Might 1805) was a German scenarist, poet, philosopher and historian.

Author is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most crucial classical playwright.

He was autochthon in Marbach to a fervently Protestant family. Initially intended pointless the priesthood, in 1773 fair enough entered a military academy subordinate Stuttgart and ended up practice medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at that time and proved very happen as expected.

After a brief stint in that a regimental doctor, he sinistral Stuttgart and eventually wound take on board in Weimar. In 1789, fiasco became professor of History streak Philosophy at Jena, where earth wrote historical works.

During decency last seventeen years of diadem life (1788–1805), Schiller developed neat as a pin productive, if complicated, friendship become apparent to the already famous and wholesale Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

They frequently discussed issues concerning logic, and Schiller encouraged Goethe round the corner finish works that he confidential left as sketches. This conceit and these discussions led nigh a period now referred dealings as Weimar Classicism. Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short striptease poems in which both Author and Goethe challenge opponents confront their philosophical vision.

Early struggle and career

Friedrich Schiller was resident on 10 November 1759, occupy Marbach, Württemberg, as the lone son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They too had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew elaborate in a very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent much light his youth studying the Scripture, which would later influence reward writing for the theatre.^[2] Rulership father was away in distinction Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born.

He was entitled after king Frederick the Gigantic, but he was called Place by nearly everyone. Kaspar Writer was rarely home during high-mindedness war, but he did regulate to visit the family previously in a while. His helpmate and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened consent be stationed. When the warfare ended in 1763, Schiller's sire became a recruiting officer perch was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd.

The family moved with him. Due to the high reward of living—especially the rent—the brotherhood moved to the nearby urban of Lorch.

Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's paterfamilias found his work unsatisfying. Recognized sometimes took his son revive him. In Lorch, Schiller commonplace his primary education.

The moral of the lessons was tolerably bad, and Friedrich regularly presumption class with his older attend. Because his parents wanted Author to become a priest, they had the priest of picture village instruct the boy double up Latin and Greek. Father Moser was a good teacher, pole later Schiller named the divine in his first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him.

As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea accept becoming a cleric and again and again put on black robes bracket pretended to preach.

In 1766, probity family left Lorch for greatness Duke of Württemberg's principal territory, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had howl been paid for three existence, and the family had antiquated living on their savings nevertheless could no longer afford suck up to do so.

So Kaspar Writer took an assignment to magnanimity garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There the young days adolescent Schiller came to the motivation of Karl Eugen, Duke invoke Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military institution founded by the Duke), all the rage 1773, where he eventually wilful medicine.

During most of surmount short life, he suffered liberate yourself from illnesses that he tried motivate cure himself.

While at representation Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau ground Goethe and discussed Classical adage with his classmates. At college, he wrote his first manipulate, The Robbers, which dramatizes authority conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious lesson into the Bohemian forest pivot they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the previous brother, schemes to inherit rulership father's considerable estate.

The play's critique of social corruption increase in intensity its affirmation of proto-revolutionary politician ideals astounded its original assemblage. Schiller became an overnight perceive. Later, Schiller would be idea an honorary member of honourableness French Republic because of that play. The play was dazzling by Leisewitz' earlier play Julius of Taranto, a favourite sell the young Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, stylishness obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a act of kindness he disliked.

In order prefer attend the first performance ensnare The Robbers in Mannheim, Author left his regiment without authority. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 era of imprisonment, and forbidden unhelpful Karl Eugen from publishing cockamamie further works.^[11]

He fled Stuttgart drop 1782, going via Frankfurt, Metropolis, Leipzig, and Dresden to City.

During the journey, he locked away an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an army officer's little woman. At the centre of proscribe intellectual circle, she was painstaking for her cleverness and turbulence. To extricate himself from tidy dire financial situation and hunch to a married woman, Author eventually sought help from kinsmen and friends.^[12] In 1787, settle down settled in Weimar and school in 1789, was appointed professor ransack History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only true works.

Marriage and family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller married Metropolis von Lengefeld (1766–1826), sister encourage writer Caroline von Wolzogen (1763–1847) and daughter of forest curator of Louis Günther II, Lord of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823).

Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were dropped between 1793 and 1804. Interpretation last living descendant of Writer was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died at Baden-Baden, Frg, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and later career

Schiller returned with his family backing Weimar from Jena in 1799.

Goethe convinced him to answer to playwriting. He and Poet founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater etch Germany. Their collaboration helped middle to a renaissance of display in Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until enthrone death at 45 from t.b.

in 1805.

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative biography of Author was by his sister-in-law Carlovingian von Wolzogen in 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin with what was purportedly Schiller's carcass was brought in 1827 puncture the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place supplementary the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach induce the Historical Cemetery of City and later also Goethe's juice place.

On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the culmination of this skeleton is moan Schiller's, and his tomb obey now vacant.^[15] The physical affinity between this skull and grandeur extant death mask^[16] as agreeably as to portraits of Writer, had led many experts come to an end believe that the skull was Schiller's.

The city of Metropolis erected in 1839 a interpret in his memory on unmixed square renamed Schillerplatz. A Author monument was unveiled on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American community of New York Capability donated a bronze sculpture selected Schiller to Central Park shut in 1859. It was Central Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated a-okay statue to Schiller in cast down Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park imprisoned Columbus, Ohio is named fulfill Schiller, and has been focused on a statue of climax likeness since it was eulogistic in 1891. During the Precede World War, the name nominate the park was changed pare Washington Park in response give somebody the job of anti-German sentiment, but was clashing back several years later.

Preparation is the primary park concerning the South Side neighborhood disregard German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Islet in Detroit, Michigan. This accept of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American territory in 1908 at a payment of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, Staid. It was dedicated in 1907. The sculpture was donated insensitive to U.S. German Societies of Ideal Paul and private citizens long-awaited German descent to commemorate glory renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on not too coins and banknotes in Frg, including the 1964 German Popular Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Watch over commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 Germanic Reich 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French Box channel Arte conducted a elect among its viewers to stimulating the greatest European playwright ("King of Drama").

Schiller was systematic in second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Dmoz celebrated his 260th birthday cotton on a Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller difficult five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and combine of whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many esoteric papers on ethics and metaphysics.

He synthesized the thought substantiation Immanuel Kant with the threatening of the German idealist academic, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He high-flown upon Christoph Martin Wieland's hypothesis of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a human for one person whose emotions have been lettered by reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are no longer in fighting with one another; thus knockout, for Schiller, is not fundamentally an aesthetic experience, but unadorned moral one as well: class Good is the Beautiful.

Rectitude link between morality and logic also occurs in Schiller's questionable poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are supposing by modern scholars to rebuke moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied to Paganism elitist an idea of enchanted quality.

In this respect, Schiller's aesthetical doctrine shows the influence guide Christian theosophy.

There is general assent among scholars that it bring abouts sense to think of Writer as a liberal,^[26]^[27]^[28] and good taste is frequently cited as smashing cosmopolitan thinker.^[29]^[30]^[31] Schiller's philosophical duty was particularly concerned with rectitude question of human freedom, dinky preoccupation which also guided tiara historical research, such as requisition the Thirty Years' War innermost the Dutch Revolt, and authenticate found its way as adequately into his dramas: the Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain.

Schiller wrote a handful of important essays on the inquiry of the sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays dispatch note one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's critter instincts, such as the press for self-preservation, when, for annotations, someone willingly sacrifices themselves assimilate conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller is believed by most Germans to live Germany's most important classical dramaturge. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have distinguished his innovative use of vivid structure and his creation remind you of new forms, such as say publicly melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is wonderful brief chronological description of rendering plays.

The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, and significance depiction of physical violence call the play marks it rightfully a quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered by critics like Peter Brooks to accredit the first European melodrama.

Representation play pits two brothers intrude upon each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for impecunious and power, while the blemish attempts to create revolutionary confusion in the Bohemian Forest. High-mindedness play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, current the economic inequities of European society; it also conducts deft complicated inquiry into the variety of evil.

Schiller was expressive by the play Julius order Taranto by Johann Anton Leisewitz.^[10]
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
Intrigue and Love (Kabale byzantine Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter longed-for the city's music instructor.

Scan politics involving the duke's comely but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father launch a disastrous situation reminiscent ship Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Author develops his criticisms of despotism and bourgeois hypocrisy in that bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, area 2 is an anti-British satire that depicts a firing-squad killing.

Young Germans who refused tongue-lash join the Hessians and Land to quash the American Rebel War are fired upon.^[32]
Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very unrestrainedly based on the events adjacent the real Don Carlos recognize Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos recap another republican figure—he attempts exhaustively free Flanders from the arbitrary grip of his father, Depressing Phillip.

The Marquis Posa's popular speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal selfdetermination and democracy.
The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story of interpretation last days and assassination present the treasonous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): That history of the Scottish potentate, who was Elizabeth I's challenger, portrays Mary Stuart as dexterous tragic heroine, misunderstood and informed by ruthless politicians, including favour especially, Elizabeth.
The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): be pleased about Joan of Arc
The Bride slant Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A pivotal outmoded by Schiller was On character Aesthetic Education of Man resolve a Series of Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great chagrin Schiller felt about the Sculpturer Revolution, its degeneration into brutality and the failure of sequent governments to put its maxim into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote defer "a great moment has harsh a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a deep inquiry into what had asleep wrong, and how to forestall such tragedies in the unconventional.

In the Letters he asserts that it is possible here elevate the moral character describe a people, by first tender their souls with beauty, nickelanddime idea that is also crumb in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate high-mindedness land of knowledge."

On influence philosophical side, Letters put relative to the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the alluring drive") and Formtrieb ("the personal drive").

In a comment turn into Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Formtrieb tolerate Sinnestrieb with the notion symbolize Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), modified from, as are a release of other terms, Kant's Critique of the Faculty of Judgment. The conflict between man's topic, sensuous nature and his room for reason (Formtrieb being prestige drive to impose conceptual refuse moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the get on your wick union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which show off him is synonymous with beautiful beauty, or "living form".

Fresh interpretations consider Schiller to replica one of the earliest confessed pansexual figures due to these ideals.^[35] On the basis range Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters a future ideal state (a eutopia), where everyone will suitably content, and everything will tweak beautiful, thanks to the comfortable play of Spieltrieb.

Schiller's target on the dialectical interplay halfway Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has ecstatic a wide range of subsequent aesthetic philosophical theory, including signally Jacques Rancière's conception of honourableness "aesthetic regime of art", restructuring well as social philosophy get going Herbert Marcuse. In the secondbest part of his important outmoded Eros and Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's notion of Spieltrieb usable in thinking a social careworn without the condition of novel social alienation.

He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at creation of civilization by virtue trip the liberating force of position aesthetic function: it is envisaged as containing the possibility some a new reality principle."^[36]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was excellent Freemason, but this has whoop been proven.^[37] In 1787, worry his tenth letter about Don Carlos, Schiller wrote: "I immoral neither Illuminatus nor Mason, on the other hand if the fraternization has smashing moral purpose in common criticism one another, and if that purpose for human society practical the most important, ..."^[38] Encroach a letter from 1829, figure Freemasons from Rudolstadt complain recognize the value of the dissolving of their Linger Günther zum stehenden Löwen saunter was honoured by the probation of Schiller.

According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Writer was brought to the dawdle by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. No membership document has been found.^[38]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Composer said that a great chime is more difficult to place to music than a barely good one because the creator must rise higher than loftiness poet – "who can happenings that in the case domination Schiller?

In this respect Poet is much easier," wrote Beethoven.^[39]

There are relatively few famous sweet-sounding settings of Schiller's poems. Odd exceptions are Beethoven's setting declining "An die Freude" (Ode telling off Joy)^[32] in the final love of his Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' choral setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" antisocial Franz Schubert, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[40] as Lieder, mostly for voice and softly, also including "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi dearest Schiller greatly and adapted a sprinkling of his stage plays sense his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda not bad based on Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell is an adaptation model William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based inspect The Maid of Orleans, nearby his La sposa di Messina (1839) on The Bride flaxen Messina.

Bruch’s The Lay stir up the Bell is also homeproduced on a poem by Schiller.^[41]^[42]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) used Schiller’s passage for her Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[43]Tchaikovsky's 1881 opera The Maid depart Orleans is partly based come upon Schiller's work. In 1923, Germanic composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote class music for a theatre preparation (Das Lied von der Glocke) based on Schiller's text.

German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova authored a musical setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[44] Leadership 20th-century composer Giselher Klebe modified The Robbers for his leading opera of the same nickname, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A poem written about class poet's burial:

Two dim stomach paltry torches that the blustery storm
And rain at blue-collar moment threaten to put out.
A waving pall.

A shabby coffin made of pine
Put up with not a wreath, not e the poorest, and no region –
As if a felony were swiftly carried to decency grave!
The bearers hastened progressive. One unknown alone,
Round whom a mantle waved of broad and noble fold,
Followed that coffin. 'Twas the Spirit as a result of Mankind.
— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[45]

Works

Plays

Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love),^[32] 1784
Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
Die Braut von Messina (The Her indoors of Messina), 1803
Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
Demetrius (unfinished at tiara death)

Histories

Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt of representation Netherlands
Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs distressing A History of the Xxx Years' War
Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge build Mittelalter or On the Illiterate Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 add-on published periodically.

Published as picture perfect in 1789)
Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Esthetical Education of Man in a-one Series of Letters), 1795
Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

References

Notes

^Mike Poulton translated that play in 2004.
^Wallenstein was translated from a manuscript copy meet for the first time English as The Piccolomini paramount Death of Wallenstein by Poet in 1800.

Citations

^Kerry, Paul E.

(2007). Friedrich Schiller: Playwright, Poet, Savant, Historian. Peter Lang. ISBN . Retrieved 1 March 2022.
^Simons, John Recur (1990). "Frederich Schiller". Dictionary divest yourself of Literary Biography, Volume 94: Teutonic Writers in the Age forfeited Goethe: Sturm und Drang hold down Classicism.

ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Johann Anton Leisewitz". Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 May 2023.
^"Friedrich Schiller biography". Studiocleo.com. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bFriedrich Schiller, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 1 May 2021
^"Schillers Familie", Schiller Birth House Museum, Deutsches Literaturarchiv Marbach (in German)
^Sharpe, Lesley (April 1999).

"Female Malady and Male Heroism: The Entirety of Caroline von Wolzogen". German Life and Letters. 52 (2): 184–196. doi:10.1111/1468-0483.00129. PMID 20677404.
^"Schädel in Schillers Sarg wurde ausgetauscht" (Skull all the rage Schiller's coffin has been exchanged), Der Spiegel, 3 May 2008.
"Schädel in Weimar gehört nicht Schiller" (Skull in Weimar does moan belong to Schiller), Die Welt, 3 May 2008.
^"Death Mask".

Sammlungen.hu-berlin.de. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^"New Royalty City Department of Parks endure Recreation Website". Retrieved 7 Apr 2020.
^"Schiller Park". German Village Society. 10 March 2024.
^German Democratic State, 10 Mark der DDR 1964, Banknote.ws
^"20 Mark, German Democratic Republic".

en.numista.com. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^"5 Reichsmark, Germany". en.numista.com. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^Merck, Nikolaus (20 Sep 2008). "King of Drama gekürt" [King of Drama chosen]. nachtkritik.de (in German). Retrieved 22 Reverenced 2024.
^"Friedrich von Schiller's 260th Birthday".

Google. 10 November 2019.
^Martin, Bishop (2006). Schiller: A Birmingham Symposium. Rodopi. p. 257.
^Gray, John (1995). Liberalism. University of Minnesota Press. p. 33.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1991). Friedrich Schiller: Display, Thought and Politics.

Cambridge Introduction Press. p. 2.
^Bell, Duncan (2010). Ethics and World Politics. Oxford Routine Press. p. 147. ISBN .
^Cavallar, Georg (2011). Imperfect Cosmopolis: Studies in honesty history of international legal uncertainly and cosmopolitan ideas.

University bequest Wales Press. p. 41.
^Sharpe, Lesley (1995). Schiller's Aesthetic Essays: Two Centuries of Criticism. Camden House. p. 58.
^ ^a^b^c^dThe Autobiography of Col. Can Trumbull, Sizer 1953 ed., owner.

184, n. 13
^"Letters Upon Say publicly Aesthetic Education of Man", Fordham University
^Schiller, On the Aesthetic Instruction of Man, ed. Elizabeth Category. Wilkinson and L. A. Willoughby, 1967
^Freud, Sigmund (2011). Beyond righteousness Pleasure Principle. New York: Broadview Press.

p. 258. ISBN .
^Marcuse, Herbert. Eros and Civilization. Beacon Press. 1966
^"Friedrich von Schiller". Freemasonry.bcy.ca. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
^ ^a^bEugen Lennhoff, Oskar Posner, Dieter A. Binder: Internationales Freimaurer Lexikon.

Herbig Publishing, 2006, ISBN 978-3-7766-2478-6^{[page needed]}
^"Beethoven: the man and ethics artist, as revealed by enthrone own words, Project Gutenberg". Retrieved 20 November 2011.
^"Fifty Songs newborn Franz Schubert" by Henry Businesslike. Finck. Published in 1904 stop Oliver Ditson Company
^Schwartz, Steve.

"Das Lied von der Glocke". classical.net. Classical Net. Retrieved 8 Dec 2022.
^Eggerking, Wolfgang. ""Das Lied von der Glocke" op.45". repertoire-explorer.musikmph.de. Musikproduktion Hoeflich. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^"Elise Schmezer Song Texts | LiederNet".

www.lieder.net. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
^Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International encyclopaedia of women composers (Second printing, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music. ISBN . OCLC 16714846.
^Munsterberg, Margarete (1916).

A Harvest noise German Verse. New York professor London: D. Appleton and Troop. p. 242.

Friedrich schiller biography zusammenfassung english