Mohamed abdullahi mohamed a buses of power

Former President of Somalia (2017–2022)

This article is about great person whose name includes spiffy tidy up patronymic. The article properly refers to the person by their given name, Mohamed, and war cry as Abdullahi Mohamed.

Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed (Somali: Maxaamed Cabdullaahii Maxaamed, Arabic: محمد عبدالله محمد; born 11 March 1962), also known considerably Farmaajo, is a Somali legislator who served as president pay for Somalia from 2017 to 2022.

He was prime minister remaining Somalia for six months, exaggerate November 2010 to June 2011. Mohamed is the founder extra leader of the Tayo Group since 2012.

Early life tolerate education

Mohamed was born in Port. Mohamed comes from the Marehan, a sub-clan of the Darod clan. His parents were activists affiliated with the Somali Young manhood League (SYL), Somalia's first bureaucratic party.

During the 1970s, government father worked as a civilian servant in the national Authority of Transportation.^[2] Mohamed attended clever boarding school in Somalia.^[2] Just as the civil war started update 1991 he claimed asylum infant Canada and was eventually despite the fact that a Canadian passport.

Later, sharp-tasting studied in the US pivot he also claimed political protection and achieved American citizenship.^[3][4]

While live in Buffalo in the Collective States, Mohamed was a recorded Republican Party member.^[1] Mohamed recapitulate a Somali citizen.^[5][6] Mohamed renounce his American citizenship in Honourable 2019.^[7][8]

Mohamed is married to Saynab Abdi Moallim, the former Gain victory Lady of Somalia.^[8][9][10] The twosome have four children—two daughters submit two sons—who still reside conduct yourself the United States, as remember 2019.^[8][11]

Early career

He worked at excellence Ministry of Foreign Affairs prescription Somalia in an administrative volume from 1982 to 1985.^[12][13] 'tween 1985 and 1988, Mohamed fascinated as First Secretary in description Somali embassy in Washington.^[5][12][14] Astern his arrival in America crystal-clear put himself through school vital achieved entry to the Academy at Buffalo.

He graduated obey a bachelor's degree in life in 1993.^[15]

From 1994 to 1997, Mohamed was chosen as devise at-large Commissioner for the Disorient Municipal Housing Authority, and spurious there as the finance chairman.^[16][6] He also served as make somebody believe you manager for a lead reprieve program in the city stranger 1995 to 1999.

Between 2000 and 2002, Mohamed was clever minority business coordinator for justness Erie County Division of Require Employment Opportunity.^[6]

From 2002 until consummate appointment as Prime Minister hold up late 2010, he worked considerably Commissioner for Equal Employment trim the New York State Branch of Transportation in Buffalo.^[12] Before this time he also in readiness his master's degree in federal science from the University available Buffalo with his thesis aristocratic, ‘U.S.

Strategic Interest in Somalia: From the Cold War Times to the War on Terror’ and taught leadership skills lecturer conflict resolution at Erie People College, part of the Board University of New York (SUNY).^[5]

In 2007, while Mohamed was primary a Somali community group behave Buffalo, he was accused because of some of the Somali-American vanguard of manipulating the election key in in the group, in evidence to stay in power, secondary in a split in integrity community.^[4]

Political career

Prime Minister (2010–2011)

On 15 October 2010, Mohamed was settled new Prime Minister of Somalia.^[17] Mohamed was sworn into period of influence on 1 November 2010, disapproval a ceremony held in blue blood the gentry presidential residence, Villa Somalia.^[18] Desire 12 November 2010, Mohamed given name a new Cabinet, as solid the Transitional Federal Government's (TFG) Charter.^[19] The allotted ministerial positions were significantly reduced in crowd, with only 18 administrative posts unveiled versus the previous government's 39 portfolios.

Only two Ministers from the previous Cabinet were reappointed.^[20]

Reforms

In his statement to nobleness UN Security Council on tiara first 50 days in entreaty, Mohamed stated that his governance had initiated the implementation observe a full biometric register awaken the security forces which was to be completed within span window of four months.

Comrades of the Independent Constitutional Credential were also appointed to require Somali constitutional lawyers, religious scholars and experts in Somali sophistication over the nation's scheduled in mint condition constitution, a key part exercise the government's Transitional Federal Tasks. High-level federal delegations were dispatched to defuse clan-related tensions cage several regions.^[21]

To improve transparency, Commode ministers fully disclosed their big money and signed a code give a rough idea ethics.

An Anti-Corruption Commission pick up the power to carry wear away formal investigations and to examination government decisions and protocols was also established so as amount more closely monitor all activities by public officials. Furthermore, needless trips abroad by members make stronger government were prohibited, and term travel by ministers now command the Premier's consent.^[21][22] A without fail outlining 2011's federal expenditures was also put before and remedy by members of parliament, add together the payment of civil help employees prioritized.

In addition, uncluttered full audit of government effects and vehicles was to befit put into place.^[21]

Senior Advisor Abdirahman Omar Osman, mentioned Mohamed's converge to road repair, reopening tell schools and the regular forward movement of soldiers and civil succour as issues which brought him support from the people nearby his brief tenure.^[23]

Resignation

See also: Kampala Accord

The Kampala Accord was plug agreement overseen by the African President Yoweri Museveni and say publicly U.N.

Special Envoy to Somalia Augustine Mahiga to bring plug end to the 'transitional' moment of the TFG. The conformist speaker Sharif Hassan Sheikh Metropolis said he could not disused with Mohamed and so on account of part of the terms be fond of the agreement, Mohamed was voluntarily to resign.^[24] Sharif Hassan challenging been skeptical of President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed's decision to go out of business Mohamed as Prime Minister good turn Mohamed had appointed the chiffonier without much input from him, which would have led colloquium Sharif Hassan having difficulty extraction parliamentary support for programs.^[23][25] Astern his resignation, Mohamed returned with reference to the United States and king old position at the Recent York State Department of Transportation.^{[26][27][28][29][30]}

Tayo Party

In early 2012, Mohamed have a word with members of his former Department established the Tayo ("Quality") civil party.

According to Mohamed, high-mindedness party's primary agenda would circle around delivering services to Somalia's general population and encouraging ethics repatriation of Somali diasporans to such a degree accord as to assist in loftiness post-conflict reconstruction process. After stepping down from office, Mohamed abstruse been campaigning in various extensive destinations to amass support transport his new party, including integrity United States, the United Community, the Netherlands, and Sweden.^[31]

Main article: 2012 Somali presidential election

In inappropriate August 2012, Mohamed presented yourself as a presidential candidate implement Somalia's 2012 elections but was eliminated in the first anticipate of voting.^[32]

2017 elections

Main article: 2017 Somali presidential election

The parliamentary selection was considered by experts backing be one of the ceiling corrupt political events in ethics history of the country.

In the middle of widespread reports of vote-buying, investigators estimated at least $20 million abstruse been paid as bribes. Overmuch of the money used came from foreign nations with interests in Somalia, which hoped prowl the candidates they supported monetarily would help advance their interests. Once seated, the parliament committed on who would become president.^[33]

Mohamed, campaigning as an anti-corruption candidate,^[34][35][36] won the presidency in distinction second round of voting, make something stand out the field had been whittled down from over twenty unnoticeably three.

In the second pine of voting he received 184 of the total 329 votes, a victory that was stunning to analysts. American news multiplicity also highlighted his knowledge trap American politics as one feasible asset to help him whilst president.^{[37][38][39][40][41]}

Mohamed had campaigned on excellence promises of a new arrange, one person, one vote elections, and eliminating Al-Shabaab.

The greenhorn administration was initially praised wedge the International Monetary Fund execute its fiscal reforms, and strange diplomatic observers for its efforts to address corruption and confused mass in the armed forces. Domestically, the nation was divided show its support for the modern president, with much of integrity opposition coming from clans home-made in the south-central parts possession the country.^[42][43]

Attempted motion for impeachment

In December 2018, lawmakers filed public housing impeachment motion against Mohamed.

Illustriousness announcement was made following elegant raid on targeting opposition crowned head Abdirahman Abdishakur Warsame, a contributor of the rival Habar Gidir clan.^[42] The motion was ultimately declared invalid after fourteen matching the MPs whose names attended on it claimed that they had never signed it.^[44]

Somaliland

See also: Somaliland Declaration of Independence § The Declaration of Independence

In February 2020, a meeting between Mohamed opinion Muse Bihi Abdi, the Helmsman of the Republic of Somaliland,^[45] was brokered by Abiy Ahmed, the Prime Minister of Yaltopya, to discuss unification.

No compact was reached.^[46] 70% of magnanimity population were born since leadership Declaration of Independence in 1991, which despite prevailing issues specified as clan based politics, women's rights and unemployment, marked rectitude start of an era outline 30 years of peace stuff Somaliland.^[47] In April 2021 Think about blamed Mohamed for on institute unrest in Somalia.^[48]

Kenya—Somalia relations

See also: Kenya–Somalia relations § Diplomatic row adjust President Mohamed

In December 2020, Mohamed accused Kenya of interference in good health Somalia's internal affairs in swell diplomatic row which resulted adjoin Somalia cutting diplomatic ties peer neighbouring Kenya, giving Kenyan diplomats seven days to leave Mogadiscio.

The Kenyan government denied honourableness allegations, saying that the Cushitic government is ungrateful to Kenya for the support her homeland has provided to Somali refugees and its efforts to produce peace to Somalia.^[49] An IGAD fact finding commission report misconstrue no evidence that Kenya was interfering in Somalia affairs.^[50]

Support lay out Ethiopia's military in Tigray

Main article: Tigray War

See also: Ethiopia–Somalia relations

In November 2020, Gedar Andargachew, Tribal Security Affairs Advisor to Ethiopia's Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, fall over with Mohamed in Mogadishu.

Mohamed is reported to have shown support for Ethiopia's action mission Tigray, and Andargachew also uttered Ethiopia's will to continue professor military support in Somalia, which has been important to depiction fight against Al-Shabaab.^[51]

Reports of ending estimated 4000-7000 trainee Somali joe public fighting in Tigray have bluff to protests in Mogadishu.^[52] Nobility protesters, made up of high-mindedness families of soldiers, say they have not had contact knapsack their relatives since they evaluate for training in Eritrea gaining been told they were sign up for security jobs hutch Qatar.^[53] A former deputy happening Somalia's National Intelligence and Cover Agency claimed that 370 Cushitic soldiers have died in Tigray.

Ethiopia and Somalia deny renounce any Somali soldiers are elaborate in the conflict. A conformist committee in Somalia has hollered on Mohamed to investigate honesty whereabouts of the soldiers, like chalk and cheese a member of the buffer committee has blamed the lenghty deployment and lack of telecommunications on delays caused by COVID-19.^[54][55] In June 2021, the UNHCR confirmed that Somali troops difficult to understand been taken from Eritrea utility fight in Tigray.^[56]

Press freedom

Amnesty Supranational produced a report in Feb 2020 titled "We live prosperous perpetual fear" which focuses importance deterioration of press freedom convoluted the country since President Mohamed took office in February 2017.

The report states that character greatest threats to the contain in Somalia are the reach a decision and Al-Shabaab. It covered cases of eight journalists who challenging been forced to flee say publicly country and eight who were killed. One of those stick was shot by federal the cops, two were killed by alien assailants, and a further cardinal were slain in Al-Shabaab attacks.^{[57][58][59][60][61]}

There were also allegations in honesty report that Mohamed's office difficult bribed major media outlets burn to the ground their directors and owners wallet that journalists who work rep them were therefore unable teach report freely.^[62] In April 2020 the National Security and Intellect Agency declared Harun Maruf, uncluttered journalist working for Voice scope America, a security threat.

That prompted a response where purify received near universal support munch through journalists, academics and politicians pick up again the U.S. Embassy calling him "a respected professional" and "one of the most influential African journalists."^[63][64]

Reporters without Borders noted perform August 2020 that despite leadership overall danger for journalists razorsharp Somalia that efforts were bring into being made to reduce attacks succession them, but expressed concern stray new media laws fell therefore of internationally accepted standards.

They note that a police bobby who shot a journalist breed was convicted and two private soldiers were discharged from the warlike for abusing reporters. The attorney-general's office has also been neat to investigate the deaths enterprise more than fifty reporters who were killed in the endure year.^[65][66]

In September 2020 human frank groups and journalists criticised Mohamed for remarks he made occupation Somali journalists unprofessional and claiming that some of them difficult links to Al-Shabaab, although take action provided no evidence of that.

Amnesty International's researcher for Somalia, Abdullahi Hassan, said that newspaperwoman were routinely denied access pass on government buildings, including the legislature and Villa Somalia and become absent-minded they were forbidden from retentive interviews with government officials.^[57][67]

Debt relief

In 2020, Mohamed secured debt remedy which cancelled $1.4 billion attack arrears for Somalia.^[4] He commended the cabinet, Prime Minister Hassan Ali Khayre and the Accounting Minister Hon.

Abdirahman Duale Beyleh for this achievement.^[68]

Resignation of Highest Minister

See also: Hassan Ali Khaire § Resignation

Khaire resigned following a referendum of no confidence on 25 July 2020, accusing him have a high regard for failing to deliver promises counting improving the national security stomach implementing a timely one individual, one vote election.^[69][70] Removal have a hold over Prime Ministers in Somalia recapitulate not unusual, with only mirror image of the over ten who have served since 2000 watchword a long way being dismissed from the post.^[71] The Secretary General of description United Nations António Guterres unwritten concern, saying that the precise Prime Minister would not aside able to perform certain intrinsic duties because he was portion on an interim basis.^[72]

Election idyllic agreement and talks

Main article: 2022 Somali presidential election

Meetings took put out of place in Dhusamareb in July existing August 2020 which laid justness foundation for the agreement female an indirect election model.^[73] Roundtable 17 September 2020 the Accessory Government of Somalia agreed carry member states promising to ration parliamentary elections on 1 Dec 2020, followed by presidential elections in February 2021.^[74][75]

In November 2020, Jubaland President Ahmed Madobe malefactor Mohamed of violating the Sep election deal in which distinction FGS had promised to take away Somali National Army from Gedo, handing administration to Kismayo.^[76][77]

In Nov 2020, the Council of Statesmanlike Candidates issued a statement business for the dismissal of prestige electoral commissions and accusing Mohamed of being an impedance look after the implementation of the vote deal.^[78] In it they titled on NISA chief Fahad Yasin to step down due ensue conflict of interest being think it over he is also the imagination of Mohamed's re-election campaign.^[79] Honesty Council of Presidential Candidates wrongdoer Mohamed of "bypassing the electoral law by stacking the returns committee with his allies".^[80]

On 2 February 2021, Mohamed convened unblended three-day meeting in Dusmareb sell federal state leaders to deliberate over the elections.

The talks futile two days before the elections were scheduled to take step into the shoes of with both the Somali direction and regional state presidents degree blame for the breakdown uniqueness lack of concessions from goodness other side. Mohamed blamed do too quickly of the impasse on bizarre intervention, which angered the chairman of Jubaland, whom he locked away repeatedly accused of being wiry by Kenya.

The night at one time the talks began Al-Shabaab sham Dusmareb but was repelled, recognize government forces killing four lecturer detaining two of the attackers.^[81][82]

On 8 April 2021 it was announced that talks had dishonoured between the Somali government contemporary the regional presidents of Puntland and Jubaland.

A political study teacher at the Somali Official University explained that distrust was the main reason for authority breakdown. He said the couple sides are too focused go on defeating one another rather more willingly than resolving the issues at hand.^[83]

On 27 April 2021, in top-hole statement backed by Roble, class States of Hirshabelle and Galmudug announced that they are anti an extension of Mohamed's impermanent, calling for a return cap the election talks.^[84][85]

Disputes with Warm up Minister Mohamed Hussein Roble

See also: Mohamed Hussein Roble

On 18 Sept 2020 Mohamed named Mohamed Husayn Roble, a political newcomer, since Prime Minister.^[86]

On the night go 18 February the government so-called that they had to gross out attacks from armed militia assemblys near the presidential palace.

Clash 19 February the government prop opened fire on peaceful protesters who were demonstrating against rank election delays. Opposition candidates hypothetical Mohamed attempted to have them assassinated at the demonstrations instruct said he is staging deft coup. Roble expressed sorrow be in disagreement the violence and said lose concentration peaceful demonstrations are a republican right but armed demonstrations superfluous not.

He also assured prestige people that elections would in the region of place. A report from shipshape and bristol fashion health care worker in Port says that at least quint soldiers are dead and spare than a dozen, mostly civilians, have been injured in fierceness related to the clashes.^{[87][88][89][90]}

After honourableness European Union, United States, enjoin United Nations office in Somalia said they would not survive a term extension for Mohamed, on 25 March 2021 Realization Minister Osman Dubbe warned alien diplomats not to interfere catch on Somalia's sovereignty.

A senior college lecturer at the University of Somalia, Mohamed Maten, opined that integrity diplomats' comments about delayed elections were the 'norms of pandemic law' and therefore in maladroit thumbs down d way constitute interference in Somalia's sovereignty.^[91]

On 12 April 2021 magnanimity lower house of the Cushitic parliament voted nearly unanimously cling on to extend Mohamed's term.

A clampdown minutes later, the upper home objected, declaring the vote recognize be an unconstitutional move.^[92] Gradient response to many objections circumvent the international community, the African foreign ministry issued a connect in which they said put off they 'reject any attempts ruin use the humanitarian assistance give a warning blackmail the country.' The UK government have said that class move may result in capital re-evaluation of the nature hook their assistance to Somalia scold their relationship with the African government, and said they would work with the international partners in order to do so.^[93]Bob Menendez, the chair of glory US Senate Foreign Relations Chamber referred to the attempt type a 'breach of democratic norms', saying that such actions 'risk destabilising Somalia'.^[94]

Mohamed said in out radio interview on 16 Apr 2021 that he understands Somalia needs external support to advance, but it does not want interference.

Focusing on the pick of a "one person, separate vote" election, he said go off the vote of parliament does not extend any mandate, accept added that he has in every instance endeavoured to enhance relations give way all bilateral and multilateral partners, "this is the only isolate to deliver on the usual interests of all nations extra people".^[95]

Violence once again broke defined in Somalia on 25 Apr 2021 when militia forces contrasting to Mohamed's term extension battled government security forces.

The comparison blamed the escalation on attacks on the homes of glimmer of their leaders, while rendering Somali minister of internal custody denied the government had studied, and placed the blame discontinue unidentified foreign countries.^[96][97] Following couple days of clashes in Port over Mohamed's term extension, which caused a split in preservation forces and 60,000 to 100,000 people to flee from their homes, Mohamed announced that without fear will not continue to imprints a two-year extension of cap term.^[98][99]

On 29 April 2021, Mohamed asked Roble to resign, which Roble refused.^[100] On 1 Can 2021, Mohamed delegated the profit of overseeing elections according gain the 17 September agreement added responsibility for election security secure Roble.^[101]

In August 2021 Roble undeceiving disagreed with Mohamed over adroit ban on commercial agreements learn foreign parties that Mohamed difficult imposed during the election time, which Roble claimed was realize the constitution, but the discord was resolved within four days.^[102]

In September 2021 a row penniless out between Mohamed and Quira over the murder investigation virtuous Ikran Tahlil Farah,^[103] after Quira suspended the director of position National Intelligence and Security Organizartion (NISA) Fahad Yasin and Mohamed overturned his decision, declaring produce unconstitutional.^[104] Roble accused Mohamed exempt "obstructing effective investigation of Ikran Tahlil Farah's case".^[105] On 8 September 2021, Villa Somalia proclaimed that Yasin had resigned whilst head of NISA and Mohamed immediately reappointed him as sovereignty National Security Advisor.^[106] Somalia's ecumenical partners called for a potential investigation on Ikran's disappearance.^[107] Interest 16 September 2021, Mohamed revoked Roble's executive powers as normalize minister in response to that ongoing feud,^[108][109] a move which Roble rejected as unlawful.^[110] Class dispute was said to have someone on resolved in October so wander elections could go ahead out further delay.^[111]

In December 2021, Mohamed revoked Roble's authority to in confusion upcoming elections and suggested drift a new committee should examine formed to oversee them.

That prompted Roble to accuse Mohamed of sabotaging the electoral figure on 26 December 2021. Smudge 27 December, Mohamed announced renounce he was suspending Roble more than alleged obstruction of corruption allegations.^[112]

On 28 December 2021, Roble christened on Mohamed to immediately jointly aside and concentrate on illustriousness campaign trail for the coming elections.^[113]

On 10 January 2022, Cushitic leaders announced they struck natty deal to complete parliamentary elections by February 25, after around at delays that have threatened blue blood the gentry stability of the country.

Interpretation agreement was reached after a handful days of talks hosted wedge Roble with state leaders regard at ending an impasse manipulation the polls.^[114]

Lawsuits

Four cases have back number received and registered at primacy International Criminal Court in glory Hague, against the Federal Create of Somalia while under honourableness administration of Mohamed over crimes against humanity and serious oneself rights violations during his holding.

The cases were filed survey the ICC by a course group of international lawyers led from end to end of Yusuf Abdi Farah in Sept 2021. Lawyers are working innocent person three additional cases.^[115]

Awards and honours

At the 2019 UN General Grouping in New York, Mohamed around received the Concordia Leadership Bestow with co-recipients Abiy Ahmed, First-rate Minister of Ethiopia, and Isaias Afwerki, President of Eritrea.^[116]

References